Martin Luther
Martin Luther ( ; ; 10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German priest, theologian, author, hymnwriter, professor, and Augustinian friar. Luther was the seminal figure of the Protestant Reformation, and his theological beliefs form the basis of Lutheranism. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential figures in Western and Christian history.Luther was ordained to the priesthood in 1507. He came to reject several teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church; in particular, he disputed the view on indulgences. Luther attempted to resolve these differences amicably, first proposing an academic discussion of the practice and efficacy of indulgences in ''Ninety-five Theses'', which he authored in 1517. In 1520, Pope Leo X demanded that Luther renounce all of his writings, and when Luther refused to do so, excommunicated him in January 1521. Later that year, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V condemned Luther as an outlaw at the Diet of Worms. When Luther died in 1546, Pope Leo X's excommunication was still in effect.
Luther taught that salvation and, consequently, eternal life are not earned by good deeds; rather, they are received only as the free gift of God's grace through the believer's faith in Jesus Christ, who is the sole redeemer from sin. Luther's theology challenged the authority and office of the pope by teaching that the Bible is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge, and opposed sacerdotalism by considering all baptized Christians to be a holy priesthood. Those who identify Luther's wider teachings are called Lutherans, though Luther opposed the name, believing that those who professed faith in Christ should be called "Christian" or "Evangelic".
Luther's translation of the Bible into German from Latin made the Bible vastly more accessible to the laity, which had a tremendous impact on both the church and German culture. It fostered the development of a standard version of the German language, added several principles to the art of translation, and influenced the writing of an English translation, the Tyndale Bible. His hymns influenced the development of singing in Protestant churches. His marriage to Katharina von Bora, a former nun, set a model for the practice of clerical marriage, allowing Protestant clergy to marry.
In two later works, Luther expressed anti-Judaistic views, calling for the expulsion of Jews and the burning of synagogues. These works also targeted Roman Catholics, Anabaptists, and nontrinitarian Christians. Based upon his teachings, despite the fact that Luther did not directly advocate the murdering of Jews, some historians contend that his rhetoric contributed to the development of antisemitism in Germany and the emergence, centuries later, of the Nazi Party. Provided by Wikipedia
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2by Lisa J. Rew (Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University), Keith L. McDougall (Department of Planning, Industry and Environment, NSW, Australia), Jake M. Alexander (Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich), Curtis C. Daehler (School of Life Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa), Franz Essl (Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna), Sylvia Haider (Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg), Christoph Kueffer (Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich), Jonathan Lenoir (UR “Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés” (EDYSAN, UMR 7058 CNRS), Université de Picardie Jules Verne), Ann Milbau (Research Institute for Nature and Forest–INBO), Martin A. Nuñez (Grupo de Ecología de Invasiones, INIBIOMA, CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Comahue), Aníbal Pauchard (Laboratorio de Invasiones Biológicas (LIB), Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción), Wolfgang Rabitsch (Department of Biodiversity & Nature Conservation, Environment Agency Austria)Get access
Published in Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research (2020)
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3by Birgit Wild (Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna), Ricardo J Eloy Alves (Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna), Jiři Bárta (Department of Ecosystem Biology, University of South Bohemia), Petr Čapek (Department of Ecosystem Biology, University of South Bohemia), Norman Gentsch (Institute of Soil Science, Leibniz Universität Hannover), Georg Guggenberger (Institute of Soil Science, Leibniz Universität Hannover), Gustaf Hugelius (Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University), Anna Knoltsch (Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna), Peter Kuhry (Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University), Nikolay Lashchinskiy (Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences), Robert Mikutta (Soil Science and Soil Protection, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg), Juri Palmtag (Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University), Judith Prommer (Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna), Jörg Schnecker (Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna), Olga Shibistova (Institute of Soil Science, Leibniz Universität Hannover), Mounir Takriti (Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna), Tim Urich (Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna), Andreas Richter (Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna)Get access
Published in Environmental Research Letters (2018)
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4by Boy, Jens, Godoy, Roberto, Shibistova, Olga, Boy, Diana, McCulloch, Robert, Andrino de la Fuente, Alberto, Aguirre Morales, Mauricio, Mikutta, Robert, Guggenberger, GeorgContributors: “...Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg...”
Published in Revista Chilena de Historia Natural (2016)
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5by Niedling, ChristianContributors: “...Professor Hans-Joachim Solms, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Tyskland...”
Published 2020
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6Published 2019Contributors: “...), Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg...”
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7by Scherer, Laura, Svenning, Jens-Christian, Huang, Jing, Seymour, Colleen, Sandel, Brody, Mueller, Nathaniel, Kummu, Matti, Bekunda, Mateete, Bruelheide, Helge, Hochman, Zvi, Siebert, Stefan, Rueda, Oscar, van Bodegom, Peter M.Contributors: “...Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg...”
Published in Science of The Total Environment (2020)
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8by Koskinen, Sanna, Burke, Eimear, Fatkulina, Natalja, Fuster, Pilar, Löyttyniemi, Eliisa, Salminen, Leena, Stubner, Juliane, Thorsteinsson, Hrund Scheving, Leino-Kilpi, HelenaContributors: “..., Turku, Finland. 7Institute of Health and Nursing Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg...”
Published in International Journal of Older People Nursing (2022)
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9by Jirousek, Martin, Peterka, Tomas, Chytry, Milan, Jimenez-Alfaro, Borja, Kuznetsov, Oleg L., Perez-Haase, Aaron, Aunina, Liene, Biurrun, Idoia, Dite, Daniel, Goncharova, Nadezhda, Hajkova, Petra, Jansen, Florian, Koroleva, Natalia E., Lapshina, Elena D., Lavrinenko, Igor A., Lavrinenko, Olga, Napreenko, Maxim G., Pawlikowski, Pawel, Rasomavicius, Valerijus, Rodwell, John S., Pedreira, David Romero, Balbuena, Elvira Sahuquillo, Smagin, Viktor A., Tahvanainen, Teemu, Bita-Nicolae, Claudia, Felbaba-Klushyna, Lyubov, Graf, Ulrich, Ivchenko, Tatiana G., Jandt, Ute, Jirouskova, Jana, Kosuthova, Alica, Lenoir, Jonathan, Onyshchenko, Viktor, Plasek, Vitezslav, Pleskova, Zuzana, Shirokikh, Pavel S., Simova, Anna, Smerdova, Eva, Tokarev, Pavel N., Hajek, MichalContributors: “...Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg...”
Published in Applied Vegetation Science (2022)
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10by Schmidt, Sabrina, Saxenhofer, Moritz, Drewes, Stephan, Schlegel, Mathias, Wanka, Konrad M., FRANK, Raphael, Klimpel, Sven, von Blanckenhagen, Felix, Maaz, Denny, Herden, Christiane, Freise, Jona, Wolf, Ronny, Stubbe, Michael, Borkenhagen, Peter, Ansorge, Hermann, Eccard, Jana A., Lang, Johannes, Jourdain, Elsa, Jacob, Jens, Marianneau, Philippe, Heckel, Gerald, Ulrich, Rainer G.Contributors: “...Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg...”
Published in Archives of Virology (2016)
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11by Schmidt, Sabrina, Saxenhofer, Moritz, Drewes, Stephan, Schlegel, Mathias, Wanka, Konrad M., Frank, Raphael, Klimpel, Sven, von Blanckenhagen, Felix, Maaz, Denny, Herden, Christiane, Freise, Jona, Wolf, Ronny, Stubbe, Michael, Borkenhagen, Peter, Ansorge, Hermann, Eccard, Jana A., Lang, Johannes, Jourdain, Elsa, Jacob, Jens, Marianneau, Philippe, Heckel, Gerald, Ulrich, Rainer G.Contributors: “...Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg...”
Published in Archives of Virology (2016)
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12by Schmidt, Sabrina, Saxenhofer, Moritz, Drewes, Stephan, Schlegel, Mathias, Wanka, Konrad M., Frank, Raphael, Klimpel, Sven, von Blanckenhagen, Felix, Maaz, Denny, Herden, Christiane, Freise, Jona, Wolf, Ronny, Stubbe, Michael, Borkenhagen, Peter, Ansorge, Hermann, Eccard, Jana A., Lang, Johannes, Jourdain, Elsa, Jacob, Jens, Marianneau, Philippe, Heckel, Gerald, Ulrich, Rainer G.Contributors: “...Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg...”
Published in Archives of Virology (2016)
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13by Schmidt, Sabrina, Saxenhofer, Moritz, Drewes, Stephan, Schlegel, Mathias, Wanka, Konrad M., Frank, Raphael, Klimpel, Sven, von Blanckenhagen, Felix, Maaz, Denny, Herden, Christiane, Freise, Jona, Wolf, Ronny, Stubbe, Michael, Borkenhagen, Peter, Ansorge, Hermann, Eccard, Jana A., Lang, Johannes, Jourdain, Elsa, Jacob, Jens, Marianneau, Philippe, Heckel, Gerald, Ulrich, Rainer G.Contributors: “...Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg...”
Published in Archives of Virology (2016)
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14by Cameron, Erin K., Martins, Ines S., Lavelle, Patrick, Mathieu, Jérôme, Tedersoo, Leho, Bahram, Mohammad, Gottschall, Felix, Guerra, Carlos A., Hines, Jes, Patoine, Guillaume, Winter, Marten, Cesarz, Simone, Ferlian, Olga, Kreft, Holger, Lovejoy, Thomas E., Montanarella, Luca, Orgiazzi, Alberto, Pereira, Henrique M., Phillips, Helen R. P., Settele, Josef, Wall, Diana H., Eisenhauer, NicoContributors: “...Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg...”
Published in Conservation Biology (2019)
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15by Cameron, Erin K., Martins, Ines S., Lavelle, Patrick, Mathieu, Jérôme, Tedersoo, Leho, Bahram, Mohammad, Gottschall, Felix, Guerra, Carlos A., Hines, Jes, Patoine, Guillaume, Winter, Marten, Cesarz, Simone, Ferlian, Olga, Kreft, Holger, Lovejoy, Thomas E., Montanarella, Luca, Orgiazzi, Alberto, Pereira, Henrique M., Phillips, Helen R. P., Settele, Josef, Wall, Diana H., Eisenhauer, NicoContributors: “...Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg...”
Published in Conservation Biology (2019)
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16by Cameron, Erin K., Martins, Ines S., Lavelle, Patrick, Mathieu, Jérôme, Tedersoo, Leho, Bahram, Mohammad, Gottschall, Felix, Guerra, Carlos A., Hines, Jes, Patoine, Guillaume, Winter, Marten, Cesarz, Simone, Ferlian, Olga, Kreft, Holger, Lovejoy, Thomas E., Montanarella, Luca, Orgiazzi, Alberto, Pereira, Henrique M., Phillips, Helen R. P., Settele, Josef, Wall, Diana H., Eisenhauer, NicoContributors: “...Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg...”
Published in Conservation Biology (2019)
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17by Midolo, Gabriele, Axmanová, Irena, Divíšek, Jan, Dřevojan, Pavel, Lososová, Zdeňka, Večeřa, Martin, Karger, Dirk Nikolaus, Thuiller, Wilfried, Bruelheide, Helge, Aćić, Svetlana, Attorre, Fabio, Biurrun, Idoia, Boch, Steffen, Bonari, Gianmaria, Čarni, Andraž, Chiarucci, Alessandro, Ćušterevska, Renata, Dengler, Jürgen, Dziuba, Tetiana, Garbolino, Emmanuel, Jandt, Ute, Lenoir, Jonathan, Marcenò, Corrado, Rūsiņa, Solvita, Šibík, Jozef, Škvorc, Željko, Stančić, Zvjezdana, Stanišić-Vujačić, Milica, Svenning, Jens‐christian, Swacha, Grzegorz, Vassilev, Kiril, Chytrý, MilanContributors: “...Martin-Luther-Universität Halle Wittenberg (MLU)...”
Published in Journal of Vegetation Science (2024)
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18by Midolo, Gabriele, Axmanová, Irena, Divíšek, Jan, Dřevojan, Pavel, Lososová, Zdeňka, Večeřa, Martin, Karger, Dirk Nikolaus, Thuiller, Wilfried, Bruelheide, Helge, Aćić, Svetlana, Attorre, Fabio, Biurrun, Idoia, Boch, Steffen, Bonari, Gianmaria, Čarni, Andraž, Chiarucci, Alessandro, Ćušterevska, Renata, Dengler, Jürgen, Dziuba, Tetiana, Garbolino, Emmanuel, Jandt, Ute, Lenoir, Jonathan, Marcenò, Corrado, Rūsiņa, Solvita, Šibík, Jozef, Škvorc, Željko, Stančić, Zvjezdana, Stanišić-Vujačić, Milica, Svenning, Jens‐christian, Swacha, Grzegorz, Vassilev, Kiril, Chytrý, MilanContributors: “...Martin-Luther-Universität Halle Wittenberg (MLU)...”
Published in Journal of Vegetation Science (2024)
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19by Midolo, Gabriele, Axmanová, Irena, Divíšek, Jan, Dřevojan, Pavel, Lososová, Zdeňka, Večeřa, Martin, Karger, Dirk Nikolaus, Thuiller, Wilfried, Bruelheide, Helge, Aćić, Svetlana, Attorre, Fabio, Biurrun, Idoia, Boch, Steffen, Bonari, Gianmaria, Čarni, Andraž, Chiarucci, Alessandro, Ćušterevska, Renata, Dengler, Jürgen, Dziuba, Tetiana, Garbolino, Emmanuel, Jandt, Ute, Lenoir, Jonathan, Marcenò, Corrado, Rūsiņa, Solvita, Šibík, Jozef, Škvorc, Željko, Stančić, Zvjezdana, Stanišić-Vujačić, Milica, Svenning, Jens‐christian, Swacha, Grzegorz, Vassilev, Kiril, Chytrý, MilanContributors: “...Martin-Luther-Universität Halle Wittenberg (MLU)...”
Published in Journal of Vegetation Science (2024)
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20by Midolo, Gabriele, Axmanová, Irena, Divíšek, Jan, Dřevojan, Pavel, Lososová, Zdeňka, Večeřa, Martin, Karger, Dirk Nikolaus, Thuiller, Wilfried, Bruelheide, Helge, Aćić, Svetlana, Attorre, Fabio, Biurrun, Idoia, Boch, Steffen, Bonari, Gianmaria, Čarni, Andraž, Chiarucci, Alessandro, Ćušterevska, Renata, Dengler, Jürgen, Dziuba, Tetiana, Garbolino, Emmanuel, Jandt, Ute, Lenoir, Jonathan, Marcenò, Corrado, Rūsiņa, Solvita, Šibík, Jozef, Škvorc, Željko, Stančić, Zvjezdana, Stanišić-Vujačić, Milica, Svenning, Jens‐christian, Swacha, Grzegorz, Vassilev, Kiril, Chytrý, MilanContributors: “...Martin-Luther-Universität Halle Wittenberg (MLU)...”
Published in Journal of Vegetation Science (2024)
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