Indian Ocean
The Indian Ocean is the third-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, covering or approx. 20% of the water on Earth's surface. It is bounded by Asia to the north, Africa to the west and Australia to the east. To the south it is bounded by the Southern Ocean, or Antarctica, depending on the definition in use. Along its core, the Indian Ocean has large marginal, or regional seas, such as the Andaman Sea, the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, and the Laccadive Sea.It is named after India, which protrudes into it, and has been known by its current name since at least 1515. It is the only ocean to be named after a country. Previously, it was called the Eastern Ocean. It has an average depth of 3,741 m. All of the Indian Ocean is in the Eastern Hemisphere. Unlike the Atlantic and Pacific, the Indian Ocean is bordered by landmasses and an archipelago on three sides, making it more like an embayed ocean centered on the Indian Peninsula. Its coasts and shelves differ from other oceans, with distinct features, such as a narrower continental shelf. In terms of geology, the Indian Ocean is the youngest of the major oceans, with active spreading ridges and features like seamounts and ridges formed by hotspots.
The climate of the Indian Ocean is characterized by monsoons. It is the warmest ocean, with a significant impact on global climate due to its interaction with the atmosphere. Its waters are affected by the Indian Ocean Walker circulation, resulting in unique oceanic currents and upwelling patterns. The Indian Ocean is ecologically diverse, with important marine life and ecosystems like coral reefs, mangroves, and sea grass beds. It hosts a significant portion of the world's tuna catch and is home to endangered marine species. It faces challenges like overfishing and pollution, including a significant garbage patch.
Historically, the Indian Ocean has been a hub of cultural and commercial exchange since ancient times. It played a key role in early human migrations and the spread of civilizations. In modern times, it remains crucial for global trade, especially in oil and hydrocarbons. Environmental and geopolitical concerns in the region include the effects of climate change, piracy, and strategic disputes over island territories. Provided by Wikipedia
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6by Mahajan, Anoop S., Biswas, M.S., Beirle, S., Wagner, Thomas, Schönhardt, A., Benavent, N., Saiz-Lopez, A.Contributors: “...Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre...”
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2021)
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7by Prasanna, K., Ghosh, Prosenjit, Anil Kumar, N.Contributors: “...Indian Scientific Expedition to the Indian Ocean sector of the Southern Ocean...”
Published in Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography (2015)
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8by Rodríguez-García, Jorge Pablo, Fernández-Gracia, Juan, Thums, Michael, Hindell, Mark A., Sequeira, Ana M. M., Meekan, Mark G., Costa, Daniel P., Guinet, Christophe, Harcourt, Robert G., McMahon, Clive R., Muelbert, Monica M. C., Duarte, Carlos M., Eguíluz, Víctor M.Contributors: “...Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre...”
Published in Scientific Reports (2017)
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9by Tuck, Geoffrey N., Thomson, Robin B., Barbraud, Christophe, Delord, Karine, Louzao, Maite, Herrera, Miguel, Weimerskirch, HenriContributors: “...Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC)...”
Published in Journal of Applied Ecology (2015)
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10by Tuck, Geoffrey N., Thomson, Robin B., Barbraud, Christophe, Delord, Karine, Louzao, Maite, Herrera, Miguel, Weimerskirch, HenriContributors: “...Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC)...”
Published in Journal of Applied Ecology (2015)
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11by FIRMS Global Tuna Atlas Technical Working GroupContributors: “...Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC)...”
Published 2024
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12by FIRMS Global Tuna Atlas Technical Working GroupContributors: “...Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC)...”
Published 2024
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13by FIRMS Global Tuna Atlas Technical Working GroupContributors: “...Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC)...”
Published 2024
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14by Tuck, Geoffrey N., Thomson, Robin B., Barbraud, Christophe, Delord, Karine, Louzao, Maite, Herrera, Miguel, Weimerskirch, HenriContributors: “...Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC)...”
Published in Journal of Applied Ecology (2015)
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15by Tuck, Geoffrey N., Thomson, Robin B., Barbraud, Christophe, Delord, Karine, Louzao, Maite, Herrera, Miguel, Weimerskirch, HenriContributors: “...Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC)...”
Published in Journal of Applied Ecology (2015)
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16by A, Rakotoarisoa, T, Ramihangihajason, C, Ramarokoto, S, Rahelinirina, A, Halm, P, Piola, M, Ratsitorahina, M, RajerisonContributors: “...Indian Ocean Commission...”
Published in Journal of Case Reports and Studies (2017)
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17by A, Rakotoarisoa, T, Ramihangihajason, C, Ramarokoto, S, Rahelinirina, A, Halm, P, Piola, M, Ratsitorahina, M, RajerisonContributors: “...Indian Ocean Commission...”
Published in Journal of Case Reports and Studies (2017)
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18by Sequeira, Ana M. M., Rodríguez-García, Jorge Pablo, Eguíluz, Víctor M., Harcourt, Robert G., Hindell, Mark A., Sims, David W., Duarte, Carlos M., Costa, Daniel P., Fernández-Gracia, Juan, Ferreira, Luciana, Hays, Graeme C., Heupel, Michelle R., Meekan, Mark G., Aven, Allen M., Bailleul, Fred, Baylis, Alastair, Berumen, Michael L., Braun, Camrin D., Burns, Jennifer, Caley, M. Julian, Campbell, Richard, Carmichael, Ruth H., Clua, Eric, Einoder, Luke, Friedlaender, Ari, Goebel, Mike E., Goldsworthy, Simon D., Guinet, Christophe, Gunn, John, Hamer, Derek, Hammerschlag, Neil, Hammill, Mike O., Hückstädt, Luis A., Humphries, Nicolas E., Lea, Mary-Anne, Lowther, Andrew, Mackay, Alice, McHuron, Elizabeth, McKenzie, Jane, McLeay, Lachlan, McMahon, Clive R., Mengersen, Kerrie R., Muelbert, Monica M. C., Pagano, Anthony M., Page, Bradley, Queiróz, Nuno, Robinson, Patrick W., Shaffer, Scott A., Shivji, Mahmood S., Skomal, Gregory B., Thorrold, Simon R., Villegas-Amtmann, Stella, Weise, Michael, Wells, Randall S., Wetherbee, Bradley M., Wiebkin, Annalise, Wienecke, Barbara, Thums, MichaelContributors: “...Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre...”
Published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2018)
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19by Lee, Michael A., Nguyen, Freddy T., Scott, Kathleen, Chan, Nathan Y.L., Bakh, Naveed Ali, Jones, Kelvin K., Pham, Crystal, Garcia-Salinas, Pablo, Garcia-Parraga, Daniel, Fahlman, Andreas, Marco, Vicente, Koman, Volodymyr B., Oliver, Ronald J., Hopkins, Lloyd W., Rubio, Consuelo, Wilson, Rory P., Meekan, Mark G., Duarte, Carlos M., Strano, Michael S.Contributors: “...Australian Institute of Marine Science, the Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre (IOMRC), University...”
Published in ACS Sensors (2018)
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20by Mcinnes, Julie C., Jarman, Simon N., Lea, Mary-Anne, Raymond, Ben, Deagle, Bruce E., Phillips, Richard A., Catry, Paulo, Stanworth, Andrew, Weimerskirch, Henri, Kusch, Alejandro, Gras, Michael, Cherel, Yves, Maschette, Dale, Alderman, RachaelContributors: “...CSIRO Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre Australia...”
Published in Frontiers in Marine Science (2017)
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