United Kingdom
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In 1707, the Kingdom of England (which included Wales) and the Kingdom of Scotland united under the Treaty of Union to create the Kingdom of Great Britain. The Acts of Union 1800 incorporated the Kingdom of Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801. Most of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922 as the Irish Free State, and the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 created the present name.
The UK became the first industrialised country and was the world's foremost power for the majority of the 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly during the "Pax Britannica" between 1815 and 1914. At its height in the 1920s, the British Empire encompassed almost a quarter of the world's landmass and population, and was the largest empire in history. However, its involvement in the First World War and the Second World War damaged Britain's economic power and a global wave of decolonisation led to the independence of most British colonies. British influence can be observed in the legal and political systems of many of its former colonies, and British culture remains globally influential, particularly in language, literature, music and sport. English is the world's most widely spoken language and the third-most spoken native language.
The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy.}} The UK has three distinct jurisdictions; England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Since 1999, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have their own governments and parliaments which control various devolved matters. The capital and largest city of the United Kingdom (as well as the capital of England) is London, with its wider metropolitan area being the largest in Western Europe, with a population of 14.9 million. The cities of Edinburgh, Cardiff, and Belfast are the national capitals of Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, respectively. Other major cities include Birmingham, Manchester, Glasgow, Bristol, Liverpool, Sheffield, Newcastle and Leeds.
The UK is a developed country and has the world's sixth-largest economy by nominal gross domestic product (GDP). It is a recognised nuclear state, and is ranked fourth globally in military expenditure. The UK has been a permanent member of the UN Security Council since its first session in 1946. It is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, Council of Europe, G7, OECD, NATO, Five Eyes, AUKUS and CPTPP. Provided by Wikipedia
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661by Braconnot, P., Otto-Bliesner, B., Harrison, S., Joussaume, S., Peterchmitt, J.-Y., Abe-Ouchi, A., Crucifix, M., Driesschaert, E., Fichefet, Th., Hewitt, C. D., Kageyama, M., Kitoh, A., Loutre, M.-F., Marti, O., Merkel, U., Ramstein, G., Valdes, P., Weber, L., Yu, Y., Zhao, Y.Contributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Climate of the Past (2007)
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662by Jones, A., Haywood, J.M., Alterskjær, K., Boucher, Olivier, Cole, J.N.S., Curry, C.L., Irvine, P.J., Ji, D., Kravitz, B., Egill Kristjánsson, J., Moore, J.C., Niemeier, U., Robock, A., Schmidt, H., Singh, B., Tilmes, S., Watanabe, S., Yoon, J.-H.Contributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (2013)
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663by Jones, A., Haywood, J.M., Alterskjær, K., Boucher, Olivier, Cole, J.N.S., Curry, C.L., Irvine, P.J., Ji, D., Kravitz, B., Egill Kristjánsson, J., Moore, J.C., Niemeier, U., Robock, A., Schmidt, H., Singh, B., Tilmes, S., Watanabe, S., Yoon, J.-H.Contributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (2013)
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664by Riviere, Gwendal, Berthou, Ségolène, Lapeyre, Guillaume, Kageyama, MasaContributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Journal of Climate (2017)
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665by Riviere, Gwendal, Berthou, SégoLène, Lapeyre, Guillaume, Kageyama, MasaContributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Journal of Climate (2017)
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666by de Coëtlogon, Gaëlle, Frankignoul, Claude, Bentsen, Mats, Delon, Claire, Haak, Helmuth, Masina, Simona, Pardaens, AnneContributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Journal of Physical Oceanography (2006)
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667by Eyring, V., Stevenson, D. S., Lauer, A., Dentener, F. J., Butler, T., Collins, W. J., Ellingsen, K., Gauss, M., Hauglustaine, D. A., Isaksen, I.S.A., Lawrence, M. G., Richter, A., Rodriguez, J. M., Sanderson, M., Strahan, S. E., Sudo, K., Laval-Szopa, Sophie, van Noije, T. P. C., Wild, O.Contributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2007)
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668by Eyring, V., Stevenson, D. S., Lauer, A., Dentener, F. J., Butler, T., Collins, W. J., Ellingsen, K., Gauss, M., Hauglustaine, D. A., Isaksen, I.S.A., Lawrence, M. G., Richter, A., Rodriguez, J. M., Sanderson, M., Strahan, S. E., Sudo, K., Laval-Szopa, Sophie, Van Noije, T. P. C., Wild, O.Contributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2007)
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669by Braconnot, P., Otto-Bliesner, B., Harrison, S., Joussaume, S., Peterchmitt, J.-Y., Abe-Ouchi, A., Crucifix, M., Driesschaert, E., Fichefet, Th., Hewitt, C. D., Kageyama, M., Kitoh, A., Loutre, M.-F., Marti, O., Merkel, U., Ramstein, G., Valdes, P., Weber, L., Yu, Y., Zhao, Y.Contributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Climate of the Past (2007)
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670by Braconnot, P., Otto-Bliesner, B., Harrison, S., Joussaume, S., Peterchmitt, J.-Y., Abe-Ouchi, A., Crucifix, M., Driesschaert, E., Fichefet, Th., Hewitt, C. D., Kageyama, M., Kitoh, A., Loutre, M.-F., Marti, O., Merkel, U., Ramstein, G., Valdes, P., Weber, L., Yu, Y., Zhao, Y.Contributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Climate of the Past (2007)
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671by Laufkötter, Charlotte, Vogt, Meike, Gruber, Nicolas, Aita-Noguchi, M., Aumont, O., Bopp, Laurent, Buitenhuis, Erik T., Doney, Scott C., Dunne, John P., Hashioka, T., Hauck, Judith, Hirata, Takafumi, John, Jasmin G., Le Quéré, Corinne, Lima, Ivan D., Nakano, Hideyuki, Séférian, Roland, Totterdell, Ian J., Vichi, Marcello, Völker, ChristophContributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Biogeosciences (2015)
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672by Stohl, A., Aamaas, B., Amann, M., Baker, L. H., Bellouin, N., Berntsen, T. K., Boucher, Olivier, Cherian, R., Collins, W., Daskalakis, Nikolaos, Dusinska, M., Eckhardt, S., Fuglestvedt, J. S., Harju, M., Heyes, C., Hodnebrog, Ø., Hao, J., Im, U., Kanakidou, M., Klimont, Z., Kupiainen, K., Law, Kathy S., Lund, M. T., Maas, R., Macintosh, C. R., Myhre, G., Myriokefalitakis, S., Olivié, D., Quaas, J., Quennehen, Boris, Raut, Jean-Christophe, Rumbold, S. T., Samset, B. H., Schulz, M, Seland, Ø., Shine, K. P., Skeie, R. B., Wang, S., Yttri, K. E., Zhu, T.Contributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2015)
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673by Stohl, A., Aamaas, B., Amann, M., Baker, L. H., Bellouin, N., Berntsen, T. K., Boucher, Olivier, Cherian, R., Collins, W., Daskalakis, Nikolaos, Dusinska, M., Eckhardt, S., Fuglestvedt, J. S., Harju, M., Heyes, C., Hodnebrog, Ø., Hao, J., Im, U., Kanakidou, M., Klimont, Z., Kupiainen, K., Law, Kathy S., Lund, M. T., Maas, R., MacIntosh, C. R., Myhre, G., Myriokefalitakis, S., Olivié, D., Quaas, J., Quennehen, Boris, Raut, Jean-Christophe, Rumbold, S. T., Samset, B. H., Schulz, M, Seland, Ø., Shine, K. P., Skeie, R. B., Wang, S., Yttri, K. E., Zhu, T.Contributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2015)
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674by Austin, John, Wilson, R.J., Akiyoshi, Hideharu, Bekki, Slimane, Butchart, N., Claud, Chantal, Fomichev, V.I., Forster, P., Garcia, R.R., Gillett, N.P., Keckhut, Philippe, Langematz, U., Manzini, E., Nagashima, T., Randel, W.J., Rozanov, E., Shibata, K., Shine, K.P., Struthers, H., Thompson, D.W.J., Wu, F., Yoden, S.Contributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Geophysical Research Letters (2009)
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675by Stohl, A., Aamaas, B., Amann, M., Baker, L. H., Bellouin, N., Berntsen, T. K., Boucher, Olivier, Cherian, R., Collins, W., Daskalakis, Nikolaos, Dusinska, M., Eckhardt, S., Fuglestvedt, J. S., Harju, M., Heyes, C., Hodnebrog, Ø., Hao, J., Im, U., Kanakidou, M., Klimont, Z., Kupiainen, K., Law, Kathy S., Lund, M. T., Maas, R., MacIntosh, C. R., Myhre, G., Myriokefalitakis, S., Olivié, D., Quaas, J., Quennehen, Boris, Raut, Jean-Christophe, Rumbold, S. T., Samset, B. H., Schulz, M, Seland, Ø., Shine, K. P., Skeie, R. B., Wang, S., Yttri, K. E., Zhu, T.Contributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2015)
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676by Austin, John, Wilson, R.J., Akiyoshi, Hideharu, Bekki, Slimane, Butchart, N., Claud, Chantal, Fomichev, V.I., Forster, P., Garcia, R.R., Gillett, N.P., Keckhut, Philippe, Langematz, U., Manzini, E., Nagashima, T., Randel, W.J., Rozanov, E., Shibata, K., Shine, K.P., Struthers, H., Thompson, D.W.J., Wu, F., Yoden, S.Contributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Geophysical Research Letters (2009)
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677by Geer, A. J., Lahoz, W. A., Bekki, Slimane, Bormann, N., Errera, Q., Eskes, H. J., Fonteyn, D., Jackson, D. R., Juckes, M. N., Massart, S., Peuch, V.-H., Rharmili, S., Segers, A.Contributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published 2006
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678by Geer, A. J., Lahoz, W. A., Bekki, Slimane, Bormann, N., Errera, Q., Eskes, H. J., Fonteyn, D., Jackson, D. R., Juckes, M. N., Massart, S., Peuch, V.-H., Rharmili, S., Segers, A.Contributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published 2006
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679by Geer, A. J., Lahoz, W. A., Bekki, Slimane, Bormann, N., Errera, Q., Eskes, H. J., Fonteyn, D., Jackson, D. R., Juckes, M. N., Massart, S., Peuch, V.-H., Rharmili, S., Segers, A.Contributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published 2006
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680by Geer, A. J., Lahoz, W. A., Bekki, Slimane, Bormann, N., Errera, Q., Eskes, H. J., Fonteyn, D., Jackson, D. R., Juckes, M. N., Massart, S., Peuch, V.-H., Rharmili, S., Segers, A.Contributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published 2006
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