Switzerland

Founded in 44 BC by [[Lucius Munatius Plancus Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located in west-central Europe. It is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau, the Alps and the Jura; the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, whereas most of the country's population of 9 million are concentrated on the plateau, which hosts its largest cities and economic centres, including Zurich, Geneva, and Basel.

Switzerland originates from the Old Swiss Confederacy established in the Late Middle Ages, following a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy; the Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the country's founding document. Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognised in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. Switzerland has maintained a policy of armed neutrality since the 16th century and has not fought an international war since 1815. It joined the United Nations only in 2002 but pursues an active foreign policy that includes frequent involvement in peace building.

Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross and hosts the headquarters or offices of most major international institutions, including the WTO, the WHO, the ILO, FIFA, the WEF, and the UN. It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), but not part of the European Union (EU), the European Economic Area, or the eurozone; however, it participates in the European single market and the Schengen Area. Switzerland is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons, with federal authorities based in Bern.

Switzerland is one of the world's most developed countries, with the highest nominal wealth per adult and the eighth-highest gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. Switzerland performs highly on several international metrics, including economic competitiveness and democratic governance. Cities such as Zurich, Geneva and Basel rank among the highest in terms of quality of life, albeit with some of the highest costs of living. Switzerland holds an international reputation for its established banking sector, alongside its distinctive recognition for their watchmaking and chocolate production.

It has four main linguistic and cultural regions: German, French, Italian and Romansh. Although most Swiss are German-speaking, national identity is fairly cohesive, being rooted in a common historical background, shared values such as federalism and direct democracy, and Alpine symbolism. Swiss identity transcends language, ethnicity, and religion, leading to Switzerland being described as a ("nation of volition") rather than a nation state. Provided by Wikipedia

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    by INTERMAGNET, Addis Ababa University, Institute of Geophysics, Space Science and Astronomy (Ethiopia), Altay-Sayan Branch of Geophysical Survey of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia), Bureau Central de Magnétisme Terrestre, BCMT (France), Beijing Ming Tombs Geomagnetic Observatory Center, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (China), Bogaziçi University, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute (Turkey), British Antarctic Survey (United Kingdom), British Geological Survey (United Kingdom), Centre de Recherche en Astronomie Astrophysique et Géophysique (Algeria), Department of Meteorology (Republic of Maldives), Dirección Meteorológica de Chile (Chile), École et Observatoire des Sciences de la Terre (France), Natural Resources of Canada / Geological Survey of Canada (Canada), Finnish Meteorological Institute (Finland), Fundació Observatori de l'Ebre (Spain), Geodetic and Geophysical Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Hungary), Geological and Geophysical Institute of Hungary (Hungary), Geological Institute of Romania (Romania), Geological Survey of Sweden (Sweden), Geomagnetic Institute Grocka (Serbia), Geophysical Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Geophysical Institute of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (Bulagaria), Geoscience Australia (Australia), Geophysical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia), GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences (Germany), Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Indian Institute of Geomagnetism (India), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (France), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (France), Institut Polaire Français Paul Émile Victor (France), Institut fur Geophysik, ETH Zurich (Switzerland), Institute of Cosmophysical Researches and Radio Wave Propagation FEB RAS (Russia), Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (China), Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration (Greece), Institute of Geophysics of the Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology (Vietnam), Institute of Geophysics, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic (Czech Republic), Institute of Geophysics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Ukraine), Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences (Poland), Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics of Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Science (Russia), Institute of the Ionosphere, National Center of Space Researches and Technologies (Kazakhstan), Instituto Geofísico del Perú (Peru), Instituto Geográfico Nacional (Spain), Irish Meteorological Service (Ireland), Japan Meteorological Agency (Japan), Lanzhou Institute of Seismology of the China Earthquake Administration (China), Ludwig Maximilians University Munich (Germany), National Antarctic Scientific Center, Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine (Ukraine), National Geophysical Research Institute (India), National Meteorological Service of Argentina (Argentina), National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark (Denmark), Real Instituto y Observatorio de la Armada (Spain), Royal Meteorological Institute (Belgium), Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth of Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia), South African National Space Agency (South Africa), Swedish Institute of Space Physics (Sweden), The Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences Ltd (New Zealand), The Ministry of Natural Resources, Environment and Meteorology (Samoa), U.S. Geological Survey (USA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (Argentina), University of Oulu (Finland), Yu. G. Shafer Institute of Cosmophysical Research and Aeronomy SB RAS (Russia)
    Published 2017
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    Contributors: ...Walter, F.; Swiss Seismological Service, ETH Zürich, Switzerland; Laboratory of Hydraulics...
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    Contributors: ...Aciego, S.; Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland...
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