Water
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Water is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance. It is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms (in which it acts as a solvent). It is vital for all known forms of life, despite not providing food energy or organic micronutrients. Its chemical formula, , indicates that each of its molecules contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms, connected by covalent bonds. The hydrogen atoms are attached to the oxygen atom at an angle of 104.45°. In liquid form, is also called "water" at standard temperature and pressure.
Because Earth's environment is relatively close to water's triple point, water exists on Earth as a solid, a liquid, and a gas. It forms precipitation in the form of rain and aerosols in the form of fog. Clouds consist of suspended droplets of water and ice, its solid state. When finely divided, crystalline ice may precipitate in the form of snow. The gaseous state of water is steam or water vapor.
Water covers about 71% of the Earth's surface, with seas and oceans making up most of the water volume (about 96.5%). Small portions of water occur as groundwater (1.7%), in the glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland (1.7%), and in the air as vapor, clouds (consisting of ice and liquid water suspended in air), and precipitation (0.001%). Water moves continually through the water cycle of evaporation, transpiration (evapotranspiration), condensation, precipitation, and runoff, usually reaching the sea.
Water plays an important role in the world economy. Approximately 70% of the fresh water used by humans goes to agriculture. Fishing in salt and fresh water bodies has been, and continues to be, a major source of food for many parts of the world, providing 6.5% of global protein. Much of the long-distance trade of commodities (such as oil, natural gas, and manufactured products) is transported by boats through seas, rivers, lakes, and canals. Large quantities of water, ice, and steam are used for cooling and heating in industry and homes. Water is an excellent solvent for a wide variety of substances, both mineral and organic; as such, it is widely used in industrial processes and in cooking and washing. Water, ice, and snow are also central to many sports and other forms of entertainment, such as swimming, pleasure boating, boat racing, surfing, sport fishing, diving, ice skating, snowboarding, and skiing.
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501Assessing the outcomes of stocking hatchery-reared juveniles in the presence of wild Atlantic salmonContributors: “...NSERC CREATE WATER...”
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502Contributors: “...Dept. of Water and Environmental Studies...”
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503by Jarvis, DaleContributors: “...Kenneth Williams lives in Bay Bulls, and has been a water dowser for almost 30 years....”
Published 2013
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504Contributors: “...National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management in Warsaw...”
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505by Mormede, Sophie, Dunn, Alistair, Parker, Steve, Hanchet, StuartContributors: “...National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd...”
Published in Fisheries Research (2017)
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506by Ueyama, Masahito, Knox, Sara H., Delwiche, Kyle B., Bansal, Sheel, Riley, William J., Baldocchi, Dennis, Hirano, Takashi, McNicol, Gavin, Schafer, Karina, Windham‐Myers, Lisamarie, Poulter, Benjamin, Jackson, Robert B., Chang, Kuang‐Yu, Chen, Jiquen, Chu, Housen, Desai, Ankur R., Gogo, Sébastien, Iwata, Hiroki, Kang, Minseok, Mammarella, Ivan, Peichl, Matthias, Sonnentag, Oliver, Tuittila, Eeva‐Stiina, Ryu, Youngryel, Euskirchen, Eugénie S., Göckede, Mathias, Jacotot, Adrien, Nilsson, Mats B., Sachs, TorstenContributors: “...Department of Water Resources...”
Published in Global Change Biology (2023)
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507Contributors: “...Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment...”
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508Accumulation and distribution of microplastics in coastal sediments from the inner Oslofjord, Norwayby Bronzo, Laura, Lusher, Amy, Merete, Schøyen, Morigi, CaterinaContributors: “...Norwegian Institute for Water Research (INGV), Økernveien 94, 0579 Oslo, Norway; Department...”
Published in Marine Pollution Bulletin (2021)
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509by Escobar-Flores, Pablo C., O’Driscoll, Richard L., Montgomery, John C., Ladroit, Yoann, Jendersie, StefanContributors: “...National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research...”
Published in Polar Biology (2019)
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512Contributors: “...Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management...”
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513Contributors: “...Water Desalination and Reuse Research Center (WDRC)...”
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514Contributors: “...National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Wellington (NIWA)...”
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515Contributors: “...National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Wellington (NIWA)...”
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516Contributors: “...National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Wellington (NIWA)...”
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517Contributors: “...National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Wellington (NIWA)...”
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518by Verdonen, Mariana, Störmer, Alexander, Lotsari, Eliisa, Korpelainen, Pasi, Burkhard, Benjamin, Colpaert, Alfred, Kumpula, TimoContributors: “...Water and Environmental Eng....”
Published in The Cryosphere (2023)
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519by Harrison, Lisa‐Marie K., Goetz, Kimberly, Cox, Martin J., Harcourt, RobertContributors: “...National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research...”
Published in Marine Mammal Science (2019)
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520by Wille, Michelle, Aban, Malet, Wang, Jing, Moore, Nicole, Shan, Songhua, Marshall, John, González-Acuña, Daniel, Vijaykrishna, Dhanasekaran, Butler, Jeff, Wang, Jianning, Hall, Richard J., Williams, David T., Hurt, Aeron C.Contributors: “...Department of Agriculture and Water Resources, Australian Government...”
Published in Journal of Virology (2019)
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