Figure 16 from: Smith N (2011) Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the flightless Mancallinae (Aves, Pan-Alcidae). ZooKeys 91: 1-116. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.91.709

Figure 16 - Wing elements of flightless and volant auks depicting decreased range of motion and shortening of distal wing elements. Elements not to scale and degree of flexion estimated based on manual articulation of specimens: A Mancalla (composite LACM 154560) B Pinguinus impennis (composite USNM...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Smith, Neil
Format: Other/Unknown Material
Language:unknown
Published: 2011
Subjects:
Animalia
Chordata
Aves
Charadriiformes
Alcidae
MancallaAnimalia
Pinguinus
Pinguinus impennisAnimalia
Alca
Alca tordaAnimalia
Alca torda
Cenozoic
convergence
diversity
evolution
fossil
Miomancalla
Pinguinus impennis
Online Access:https://zenodo.org/record/924037
https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.91.709.figure16
Description
Summary:Figure 16 - Wing elements of flightless and volant auks depicting decreased range of motion and shortening of distal wing elements. Elements not to scale and degree of flexion estimated based on manual articulation of specimens: A Mancalla (composite LACM 154560) B Pinguinus impennis (composite USNM 346387) C Alca torda (NCSM 20502). Anatomical abbreviations: c carpometacarpus h humerus r radius u ulna.

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