| Summary: | Rockhopper penguins are delimited as two species, the northern rockhopper (Eudyptes moseleyi) and the southern rockhopper (E. chrysocome), with the latter comprising two subspecies, the western rockhopper (E. c. chrysocome) and the eastern rockhopper (E. c. filholi). We conducted a phylogeographic study using multilocus data from 114 individuals sampled across 12 colonies from the entire range of the northern/southern rockhopper complex to assess potential population structure, gene flow and species limits. Bayesian and likelihood methods with nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, including model testing and heuristic approaches, support E. moseleyi and E. chrysocome as distinct species lineages with a divergence time of 0.97 Ma. However, these analyses also indicated the presence of gene flow between these species. Among southern rockhopper subspecies, we found evidence of significant gene flow and heuristic approaches to species delimitation based on the genealogical diversity index failed to delimit them as species. The best-supported population models for the southern rockhoppers were those where E. c. chrysocome and E. c. filholi were combined into a single lineage or two lineages with bidirectional gene flow. Additionally, we found that E. c. filholi has the highest effective population size while E. c. chrysocome showed similar effective population size to that of the endangered E. moseleyi. We suggest that the current taxonomic definitions within rockhopper penguins be upheld and that E. chrysocome populations, all found south of the subtropical front, should be treated as a single taxon with distinct management units for E. c. chrysocome and E. c. filholi. IMa2p output file Output file from IMa2p IMa2_RH2_8.xlsx DNAsp output Output from DNAsp analysis for 6 nuclear intron loci and one mitochondrial locus (ND2) BEAST combined runs Log and tree files from combined three runs in BEAST. Phased nuclear intron and mtDNA alignments Phased nuclear intron DNA alignments, mitochondrial DNA (ND2) alignment, and BEAST ...
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