Raphidioptera Navas 1916
Raphidioptera and the necessity of cold winter It has been generally thought that extant snakeflies (Inocelliidae and Raphidiidae) require a cold interval to mature, explaining their restriction to mid- and higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, reportedly in high, cooler elevations in the sou...
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| Format: | Other/Unknown Material |
| Language: | unknown |
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Zenodo
2021
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681513 http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DE878EFFEBC451FF67F895C8B685E5 |
| Summary: | Raphidioptera and the necessity of cold winter It has been generally thought that extant snakeflies (Inocelliidae and Raphidiidae) require a cold interval to mature, explaining their restriction to mid- and higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, reportedly in high, cooler elevations in the southern portions of their range (Aspöck, 1998, 2000, 2002; Aspöck & Aspöck, 2009, 2014; Abbt et al ., 2018). Aspöck (2000) stated that the cold interval is necessary to induce pupation and develop the imago, which must be 0° C or below. Abbt et al . (2018) later found that at least some can mature in the laboratory with a cold interval of 4°C. This would account for their exclusion from the tropics. In North America, they are found west of the Rocky Mountains from about 53° N in southern British Columbia with some known from as far south as the Mexico-Guatemala border. In the Eastern Hemisphere, they range from Norway at 70° N as far south as parts of Mediterranean North Africa, with scattered records eastward through Asia to the Pacific, southward to the Himalayas, northern Thailand and Taiwan (Aspöck, 1998; Aspöck et al ., 2011, 2012a, b; Aspöck & Aspöck, 2014; Blades, 2019). The fossil record of Raphidioptera before the Oligocene, especially of the extant families, would then present a biogeographic puzzle. The Eocene/Oligocene boundary represents the end of the globally warm “greenhouse world” climates of the Cretaceous through the Paleocene and Eocene, with higher mean annual temperatures (MAT), a low pole to equator MAT gradient, and lowered temperature seasonality with mild winters. The post-Eocene onset of the modern “icehouse world” regime saw extra-tropical climates with colder MAT, lacking Arctic ice sheets until the later Neogene and Antarctic ice sheets beginning to form at the end of the Eocene, an increased latitudinal MAT gradient, and more severe extra-tropical winters (Zachos et al ., 2008). Raphidioptera of the Paleocene and Eocene did not then experience cold winters, and in the Mesozoic ... |
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