| Summary: | *张侠,研究员,中国极地研究中心极地战略研究室主任。电子邮箱:zhangxia@pric.gov.cn。**屠景芳,助理研究员,中国极地研究中心极地战略研究室。 ［文摘］北极历史是全球化背景下,由欧洲殖民过程带入世界历史的,经历了世界(资本)对北极的地理再发现、军事再发现到经济再发现的历史过程。北极永久冰层的快速消融开启和加速了经济再发现的区域性过程。进入到经济再发现新时期,保障北极和平利用主要涉及两大挑战:北极可持续发展和战略安全。以建立普遍性规则为目标,北极合作存在全球的和区域的大、小集体两条合作路径,以增进实际利益为目标,双边合作则是活跃的、经常的。域内与域外国家之间的合作,除多采取大集体合作路径外,更重要的是多利用双边既有合作框架(如战略协作合作伙伴关系、盟国等)作为原则指导。当前的北极正处在进入世界市场的战略准备阶段,有关规则和制度建立主导权的竞争成为了主要焦点和政策目标。无论是小集体路径的合作还是大集体路径的合作,最终都试图主导建立对自身利益有利的北极开发利用新规则。［Abstract］The history of the Arctic has been integrated into world history through the process of European colonization against the backdrop of globalization in the course of the world’s rediscovery of Arctic geography,military significance,and economic potential.The rapid melt of the permanent ice cap in the Arctic has launched and accelerated the final regional process of economic rediscovery.During this period of rediscovery,the peaceful use of the Arctic may be confronted with two main challenges:sustainable development and strategic security.For the purpose of establishing general rules,there are two approaches of cooperation:the regional approach (in small groups) and the global approach (in large groups);for the purpose of strengthening practical benefits,bilateral cooperation isf requent and active.For the cooperation of countries inside and outside the Arctic and among those countries outside the Arctic,besides the large-group approach,a more important method of cooperation is based on the current bilateral cooperative framework (such as strategic cooperation relationship,allies etc.).The Arctic is currently in the stage of strategic preparation for entry into the global market,so competition for leadership in making rules and schemes has become the main focus and policy orientation in the region.All countries ultimately attempt to be the leading player in making new rules for Arctic development and utilization that are beneficial to themselves,whether by cooperating in small or large groups. 本文为国家海洋局国际合作司(港澳台办公室)(2008—)和《南北极环境综合考察与评估专项》之极地地缘政治研究子专题(2011—2015)资助项目研究成果。
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