The Genomic Formation of Human Populations in East Asia

• Main Authors: Chuan-Chao Wang, 王传超, Hui-Yuan Yeh, Alexander N Popov, Hu-Qin Zhang, Hirofumi Matsumura, Kendra Sirak, Olivia Cheronet, Alexey Kovalev, Nadin Rohland, Alexander M. Kim, Rebecca Bernardos, Dashtseveg Tumen, Jing Zhao, Yi-Chang Liu, Jiun-Yu Liu, Matthew Mah, Swapan Mallick, Ke Wang, Zhao Zhang, Nicole Adamski, Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht, Kimberly Callan, Brendan J. Culleton, Laurie Eccles, Ann Marie Lawson, Megan Michel, Jonas Oppenheimer, Kristin Stewardson, Shaoqing Wen, Shi Yan, Fatma Zalzala, Richard Chuang, Ching-Jung Huang, Chung-Ching Shiung, Yuri G. Nikitin, Andrei V. Tabarev, Alexey A. Tishkin, Song Lin, Zhou-Yong Sun, Xiao-Ming Wu, Tie-Lin Yang, Xi Hu, Liang Chen, Hua Du, Jamsranjav Bayarsaikhan, Enkhbayar Mijiddorj, Diimaajav Erdenebaatar, Tumur-Ochir Iderkhangai, Erdene Myagmar, Hideaki Kanzawa-Kiriyama, Msato Nishino, Ken-ichi Shinoda, Olga A. Shubina, Jianxin Guo, Qiongying Deng, Longli Kang3, Dawei Li, Dongna Li, Rong Lin, Wangwei Cai, Rukesh Shrestha, Ling-Xiang Wang, Lanhai Wei, Guangmao Xie, Hongbing Yao, Manfei Zhang, Guanglin He, Xiaomin Yang, Rong Hu, Martine Robbeets, Stephan Schiffels, Douglas J. Kennett, Li Jin, Hui Li, Johannes Krause, Ron Pinhasi, David Reich
• Format: Report
• Language: English
• Published: 2020
• Subjects: Tungusic languages
• Online Access: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.25.004606v1; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.25.004606; https://dspace.xmu.edu.cn/handle/2288/174162

3月26日，我校社会与人类学院王传超教授作为第一作者和通讯作者，与哈佛医学院、哈佛大学人类学系、德国马普人类历史科学研究所、南洋理工大学人文学院、复旦大学、俄罗斯远东联邦大学科学博物馆、西安交通大学、蒙古国国家博物馆研究中心、乌兰巴托国立大学考古系、维也纳大学进化人类学系、华盛顿大学人类学系、台湾成功大学考古所、加州大学人类学系等全球41个单位的77位共同作者组成的国际合作团队在bioRxiv上发表预印本论文“The Genomic Formation of Human Populations in East Asia”，发布了东亚地区最大规模的古人基因组研究，包含了191个距今8000到1000年前古人基因组捕获测序，涵盖了陕北新石器时代五庄果墚遗址、台湾新石器到铁器时代汉本和公馆遗址、蒙古国50余个考古遗址、俄罗斯远东地区Boisman、Yankovsky和黑水靺鞨等遗址、日本绳文人遗址等，研究人员还报道了46个现代族群的383个样本的芯片分型数据以及94个考古碳十四测年数据，首次通过古DNA精细解析东亚人群8000年来的起源、迁徙和混合历史，也改变了东亚地区尤其是中国境内考古基因组学研究长期滞后的局面。 【Abstract】The deep population history of East Asia remains poorly understood due to a lack of ancient DNA data and sparse sampling of present-day people. We report genome-wide data from 191 individuals from Mongolia, northern China, Taiwan, the Amur River Basin and Japan dating to 6000 BCE – 1000 CE, many from contexts never previously analyzed with ancient DNA. We also report 383 present-day individuals from 46 groups mostly from the Tibetan Plateau and southern China. We document how 6000-3600 BCE people of Mongolia and the Amur River Basin were from populations that expanded over Northeast Asia, likely dispersing the ancestors of Mongolic and Tungusic languages. In a time transect of 89 Mongolians, we reveal how Yamnaya steppe pastoralist spread from the west by 3300-2900 BCE in association with the Afanasievo culture, although we also document a boy buried in an Afanasievo barrow with ancestry entirely from local Mongolian hunter-gatherers, representing a unique case of someone of entirely non-Yamnaya ancestry interred in this way. The second spread of Yamnaya-derived ancestry came via groups that harbored about a third of their ancestry from European farmers, which nearly completely displaced unmixed Yamnaya-related lineages in Mongolia in the second millennium BCE, but did not replace Afanasievo lineages in western China where Afanasievo ancestry persisted, plausibly acting as the source of the early-splitting Tocharian branch of Indo-European languages. Analyzing 20 Yellow River Basin farmers dating to ∼3000 BCE, we document a population that was a plausible vector for the spread of Sino-Tibetan languages both to the Tibetan Plateau and to the central plain where they mixed with southern agriculturalists to form the ancestors of Han Chinese. We show that the individuals in a time transect of 52 ancient Taiwan individuals spanning at least 1400 BCE to 600 CE were consistent with being nearly direct descendants of Yangtze Valley first farmers who likely spread Austronesian, Tai-Kadai and Austroasiatic languages across Southeast and South Asia and mixing with the people they encountered, contributing to a four-fold reduction of genetic differentiation during the emergence of complex societies. We finally report data from Jomon hunter-gatherers from Japan who harbored one of the earliest splitting branches of East Eurasian variation, and show an affinity among Jomon, Amur River Basin, ancient Taiwan, and Austronesian-speakers, as expected for ancestry if they all had contributions from a Late Pleistocene coastal route migration to East Asia. The excavations at Boisman-2 site (Boisman culture), the Pospelovo-1 site (Yankovsky culture), and the Roshino-4 site (Heishui Mohe culture) were funded by the Far Eastern Federal University and the Institute of History Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academu of Sciences, researches Pospelovo-1 funded by RFBR project number 18-09-40101. C.C.W was funded by the Max Planck Society, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC 31801040), the Nanqiang Outstanding Young Talents Program of Xiamen University (X2123302), and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (ZK1144). O.B. and Y.B. were funded by Russian Scientific Foundation grant 17-14-01345. H.M. was supported by the grant JSPS 16H02527. The research of M.R. and C.C.W has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 646612) granted to M.R. The research of C.S. is supported by the Calleva Foundation and the Human Origins Research Fund. H.L was funded NSFC (91731303, 31671297), B&R International Joint Laboratory of Eurasian Anthropology (18490750300). J.K. was funded by DFG grant KR 4015/1-1, the Baden Württemberg Foundation, and the Max Planck Institute. Accelerator Mass Spectrometry radiocarbon dating work was supported by the National Science Foundation (BCS-1460369) to D.J.K. and B.J.C). D.R. was funded by NSF HOMINID grant BCS-1032255, NIH (NIGMS) grant GM100233, the Paul Allen Foundation, the John Templeton Foundation grant 61220, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.。该研究得到了国家自然科学基金、厦门大学南强青年拔尖人才支持计划、中央高校基本科研业务费、厦门大学一流学科建设项目“中国民族研究的跨学科探索”等的资助。