| Summary: | Horace Kephart (1862-1931) was a noted naturalist, woodsman, journalist, and author. In 1904, he left St. Louis and permanently moved to western North Carolina. Living and working in a cabin on Hazel Creek in Swain County, Kephart began to document life in the Great Smoky Mountains. He created 27 journals in which he made copious notes on a variety of topics. Journals 1 through 4 deal with the various aspects of mountain life and contributed to his popular book, “Our Southern Highlanders,” first published in 1913 and revised in 1922. Journal 4 (previously known as Journal IV) includes multiple sections on personal character, religion, and criminal activity. Click the link in the Related Materials field to view a table of contents for this journal. SOCIAL I JITT ERC OURS E. "Ther e are s till log- ro llings, house-ra i sings , house- wa rmings , corn-s hu ckings , and quiltings. 11 (F.Qx, 11.) "Th e conver s c. t i on turned. , f or the mos t part , upon p e r s ona l top i cs , and we f'e l t i t nec e s sary t o give a fai r ly cletailed acco1-mt ,of ourselves . No one ever seemed su rpr i s ed e.t our desi re t o see 't he mountai ns , and we tri ed not t o b e t r ay 8.ny consciousness of t b.e unusua l conditions in whi ch we we r e n l a ced ." ( llllQJ~. .n t., Geo. E., in 1\rner.Jou rn.of s oc iology , 4 :15 .) Lon?liness of -piopeer l i fe . See Pioneer Li fe , 4~ 32 . ~ ~· 7'7· 't-D.0.es.,.>,J'1• t "fOur· w.i f@. _ge.t. "lone's ome? 11 :· ( ~ui ll Ros e: .) " H e ll-,,~ no·:.: tJJ.Bre - "me" t.o.Q mu ch lncti an . .i-n her f or ·'t l3.at." -~ ~ ~t:.:oo~@!!S:;:=;.;.:A + . ·'"Ittlisb c.ra •. __::l&orr•·grrcr· :rl'-a:nvi --:lle-• .,.~J.~., ,. i Rtl a-3.'@ . ~· . Shynes s of the young fo l l~ s . Mi.l&a., 36 . La ck of soci a l Ol"'gani zation . "Ther e i s no such t hi ng as a cornnruni t y of mount ain eer s . 11 Miles , 71-74 . n I ncapa·b l e of conce r t ed ELCt i on." Unconscious of t hemselves as a p eop l e . Mi~a, 20 0 - 2 01. See COURTS. S~aL ~ '/t;:;;\;. ai\L ~ . .1A:-.2-a. ~ .z. ~ ~"~ ~ #;;;;t-tt> , .1 f! l. Love of the vrild , and of soli tude . Miles , 17-18, 73. ~/ 749- Tlle ym.:mg 'rennessean on Littl e Chestnut Ba l d . II In Be l l County I spent tb.e day i n t11e house of an aged ·~vo rnan -ei ghty years ol d , i n f act -- who was a lingering rern ·esentat ive of a nes i' l y extinc t type . She had never been out of the nei ghborhood of her birth, 11:.11ew the mountains lilce a gaT·den, had ·vvl1 i :oped men in s ingle - he.nded encounter, brou ght down many a deer and wild tur lcey with. b.er m:.m rifl e , and now, infirm,. had but. to sit i n h er ca1Jin doo r and send b.er.:. t raineci_ .ogs i nto the depths of the for es t to disc over the w i r~ ll.ed f or game : a fiercer woman I never l ooked on. 11 CJames Lane Allen, i n Harp e r •s Magazine , June , l 886 .) . !.It-Sf .4- />+· 7Lflf, 232. , 1\ 7/S'" J 7/6 f LOVE OF SOLITUDE . "Are n ' t you afra i d to live u.p here all alone?" "lifo : tl1e o.evi l don ' t rro )rowl in ' a.rounc'J. h ere in t he mount ai ns : lle ' s 1\.ei;' too bu sy clovrn i n t he s et tlements . 11 ( ' alt Pr octor . ) 11 Don ' t your f ife g et lonesOL e , Quill?" 11 Hell , no : thar r s too r:v.ch of t he Injun in her fer that . 11 "Didn ' t you us ed. to get l oneso .e,in t he old da ys , wh en you had no nej_ghbors? 11 ( Blacl\. Bill Walker . ) "No , s ir : not as lon es ome as I gi t no"tJ • Vl ' y , 7hen .,v er I "ant ed. a bit o ' r ecreation , all I h vd to do '.7as to go up t he mount a i n an • hunt me a b ear or a cl.eer . 11 717 ~s OJV.-,~v ~ 1; 1t1z w~, A.u- Lt (} }'2dw.,, 11;1* .4.u. ec~-~. 6s? - J litJ, ~ o-6--~ .4.u- ){OJ1_~ 1 /~, • -1 - HOSPITALI TY. "Tlw latch.-string hangs outsicle every cabin-door i:f the men-folks are at home , l:mt you must shout •hello • al ways oiJ.tside the fence. u (~ 18. With illus . anecdotes.) §.£<. J.k. 1- JiB"._-. , .J--rj- 7J1t. "The l1os:pi taliJGY of the mountai ns is proverbi al, and, ifll1at is more to the purpose , s eems still t o be offered with genuine good will. To be sure , in tl1.e country towns and along t he more frequented highways there are signs of corrunerci alism and traces of cautious suspicion. But in the more r emote valleys t he traveler is r eceived with a \-7elcome in which. th.e • quarter• he pays f or l1i s meal and his horse•s corn seems to be a small factor . Yet we heard from one or t wo cynical old people t h.at the times have changed, and tl1.at it is no longer an unusual thing t o be r efused a night• s lodging, or even a meal •••• We met vri th a lmost no rebuffs . • •• We wou l d r i de up to the fence of the yard about t he cabi n , tetl1er our horses, climb over t l1.e rails-- tl1.er•e was r arely a gate-- make our way to th.e • gallery , • and aslz f or a meal. The r equest was readily gr anted , wi t l1. convent ion ally diff i dent remarks about the larder. Boys unsaddl ed our horses and took them to the rambl~ log barn for th.eir meal of corn. After di p:ping into the wash-basin, we sat tal lcing with our h.ost, while the women of the household pre})ared t l1.e mea l which we needed and at the s ame time ci.r ea.a.ect . u (Vincent., ~ • .E., in Amer. Journ. of sociology , 4: : 12-13. ) "We don1 t fa l ler t a.ldn• in peonle. 11 (Olmst ecl. , F.W. Journey, 858.) ":6--'r-s ., ~ y ~ .t;w.L ~ Alt. ~·, See also CHARACTER-- Anal. II II FAMIHE • • • • 11For no matter what 11e su spects, tl1.e mountaineer will do anything in t he world f or a s tranger until the moment of actual conflict comes;, (Fox , 112.) "This virtue i s to be found in solitary p l i ces the world over. Its t wo blending mot ives are compassion for a stranger,and curiosity t o l earn what ever news he may bring; and both mot ives are creditable." ( :trost . ) Payment for lodging . Miles ,79. The farmers "seldom hesitat ed either to make a moder a t e charge , or to accept a proper conrpensa.tion :for their b.ospi tali ty, Y:rhich we therefore di d not hesitate to solicit f rom time to time •••• Curios ities as we were to t l1.ese good f olks, t 11.eir endl ess queries had no air of impertin:::ence, and they entertained u s to tb.e best of t heir ability , never at t em_ t ing to make u.nreasonab l e, charges . 11 ( Asa .Q~ in 184:2 . ) A boarder is call ed 11 company." see Pioneer Life , 4~ 92 . ~ Boo • s reckless b.ospi tal i ty to ,n~trash that carne along . Could not 1ceep even b.eer or ·vvhi skey frj)l'!l the most trifling spongers, tl1ough knew he wou l d be sufferin.g for /J. t himself the next day . Entertained Mrs . Davi s , knowing the whole tribe to be t hieves, and a few ni ghts later Dave burgl arized the kitchen. ·' ,.4<.<- ;.:~.3a. 719 710 . - . ( - - 2 - "Hospitality to strangers t i n scotland) was r egarded as a sacred duty; so rm.lCh so that 7rhen t av erns began to be substituted, speeial enactments were pas sed compelling trave l lers to lodge a t l east t heir servants in th.em." (Henderson_, Old- world scotl and, 59 . ) '1~ ~__tt.-k , I & ~ BJ2.ai.n.-- "I 112.d no doubt bu t t hat I had to do with a smuggler, perhaps a robber; but what di d it mat ter? I lmew the Sl)ani sh char a cter well enough t o fear no evil of a man with whom I had smoked and eaten. Hi s company -ev.en vas a sure :protection agains t 2.11 evil comers. n (Merimee. c armen.) "In Spain, a c i gar offered and accep t ed estab l i shes ll.os-oitable relations , as in the East does the s:ll.&.ri:ng of bread and salt." (DJL.) cors ica .-- A bandit murder ed a man , and was pursued by the gendarmes . Being hard p ressed, he demanded asy l um at t he house of a s tranger. 'rhe latter concealed hirn and ent ertained him until t he fo llowing ni ght. "The bandit t hen Tose and foll owed the master , but , b e:fOI'e tl1ey parted , at a spot s ome di s t ance f rom the vill age , the fugi t ave • s ent ertainer sai d : • You a.sked for a sy l mn, and I opened my hou s e to you: you wer e h.ungry and thirsty, and I gave you to a a t. and dr inlc you were ~¥ ea. :ry , and I gave you my b ed : but ••• the man wb.om y ou killed y es t e:cday was my b rother . Fl ee , then, from my :@resence; :for no\i\j that you are no l onger under my roof , I ;Nill pursue you 'iVi th my · h2.t red. • rrhe murderer began t o s t CJ.mmer excuses , but the o t her i nterrupted him wi tb. , • I give you em l!.our i n ':7h i ch to escape . Aft er that, we shall be enemi es . Be on t hy gu ard_, as I will be on mineL • su e11 i s the duty of ho spi t a lit y in Corsica , s tronger ev en than the law of vengeance." (Vuillie r, Gas ton. The Forgotten Is l e s ,l92:-193.) "The mos t cel ebra t ed feud of the lh olo v\fas that which f'o r rnerly subsi s ted b e t ween tll.e fami l ies of Leca and Tartanola. The dispute had. a l r eady resulted.: in ~orne t Yventy murders en one side and the otb.er, •.7hen t he f'ollovTing i ncident occurred:-- · One evenLng Leca was returning home with two relatives from an 32nbusc ade, ·,vllere they 11ad been watching for some of their enemies . In or der t o reach t.l1.eir village, they had to pass through the haml et inhabited by t he Tartaro l a . When but ·a s hor t distance from the houses , Le ca suddenly feared a trap and inf ormed his compani ons . They di d not share his f ears , 7.2./ and continued to go :eorward but Leca , fee l ing certain of the fate awaiting "him, t ook a. desperate resolution. Going bol dly into the haml et, he knocked at t he door of Tartarola , t he leader of his enemies: and even a£3 the door opened , 11e 11ear d tb.e rattle of musketry in the di s t ance . • Who • s t b.ere? • cri ed Tartarola . • Leca , your enemy, ~:Vl10 comes t o ask hospitality f or t.he night . • So saying , Leca :9assed his dagger, pi stol, and g;un through tl1e • door, t o show his conf i dence in the loya l t y of his e,dversary. •Come in.• said Tartarola ! Th.e l1eredi tary enenry was t11en greeted ~ts a guest. He refused to accept any :food , and took a seat by the f'iJ.~e . ·;JVb.ere 11e and Tar t arola watched through the night, chat ting ami cably on every- subj ect exce};l t the one of their mutua l emni ty. In the morning Tartarola , after warning h.is ·0eople to abstain 7.2.2. . - 3 - HOSP I TALI TY.-- ~-~:.;i~el! IJTu1.1't~ from h.ostili ties , a ccompanied Leca t o the outskirts of the hamlet, and , as he pressed his hand in token of fare\.•rell , said, • 1~0w we are again enemies as befo r® and when we meet again, guns or dagger s must be ou~ greeting.• Leca t hen ret urned home , t o f i nd that h i s fear s had been t oo well :founded , and that t he sb.ot s wb. i cb. he had heard as he knoclced at the door of Tart a r ola •s house had b een the dea t h- warrant s of his t wo companions." ( DQ. '217-218 . ) - (3.~ ·- t:flt1 3 ' ~ - Cfblt- ~· =· ~Bl~· • . A disposition t o overcharge str·angers is often s 11.ovm . !f.a.r.ruir._, On Hor seba clc. Brooks and his ~ 1. 00 a day . 1\.t. ,.,._.'" 1 H .,ti.-, "But whi l e t hus bitter and cr· .el t oward oacb. other, t· ,_ey l)res ent t o s trangers the 88}.)ect of a polite , 1ci nd , unof'fendine; , and most · l1.os:oi t ab l e race. They ~vill divi de v:i t 11 you shelt er and warmth and f ood, however GC8.nt , and -,"Jill put t hemselves to trouble for your conveni ence with an unrec lconing , earnes t f l~i e nd. l in e s s e.nd good- nature t hat i s touching to the l ast degr e e . No s ham, no p ret ence a true f riend or an open enemy . Of l ate t l1.ey nave had much. occasi on to J.-egar d new- comers with d.istrus t , which, once arou sed , :LH difficult to diss.> el, and now t hey will wish to 1cnow you and your b•.isiness b efore t r e ating you wi t b. t hat "?!C'. l"'mth iYb.icb. t hey 2.r e only too gl ad to sb.ov . 11 ( J arfLeS Lane All en i n Ear-9er • s Ma gazine , J une , 1886 . ) SJ2J1.~1 7Z1 · 11 <l J.jO J(~) b, ~r~:' . p.J . ~- 4-j.A-- lo- .-r~- dl-~ " " e-.; ~ r -__? '' CC ~- ._I --I.AJ:d;::~ . (( "W.JP., ,_9 !.,eR., -ft. ;Ia;- .,.,._.,:· (c Ue- - MAM>- ckJL-~ -/;-~' ;,.,., ~:' - '~ - :lfn,/l-~J!:t - :'_ ,4u- f · G 2./. (CJ~ ~ t:. ~ [~.;.J. r ~- ·· "14 Jt:D .-.-. r 't""" . r-.t;l:;:::" "~ ~ ~-~- __e. ?'vf,;,.f-~ ~ c.r---~ ~ ~ U4- ~ . ~Ir-k ~ A. d . ATT I TUDE TOWARD STRANGERS . 111 I have jucot come t hrough Clay County ,• s aid a man i n t he company, 1 and I had with rne a Chic a go man who i7as very much afraid to be ther e . I mentioned thi s to a mount aineer , and he said: 11Well, yo·u tell him that we may kill him, bu t we will not tech e •er a thi ng he may h.ev on hi m. Hi s fri ends may be. sure of getting ;rrhat ever he carried , for we don• t n ev er steal.P •Is a stranger safe in travelling about i n t he mount ains?• I interpos ed . • I t hink s o , 1 rep l i ed tb.e man , wh.o had jus t returned f r om sucb. a trip. 1 I n ever cons idered t hat I ·vvas in any danger ·v-vhen making one of my tours . I u sed to take !)ains to say somet hing of who I was , wh ere I carne f rom, and ·01hat I was ab out , but I have gro\'.'n careless of l a t e , and find t i1.at I am j u s t as we l l off. There is always danger where there is a man crazed by li qu or . • •• The mountain judges ma k.e i t known that tll.ey wil l puni sh with severity any assault upon 8. s t Panger, and so s trong is the S ~) iri t of hos:ri t ali ty in the moLmt a.ins tl1a t the gr eat mass of the people con s i der the safety of a stranger an a l most sacred trust. They are un:for gi ving tmval"d t he noveli s ts and shorts t ory writers who have exposed their pecu l iar ities to the pub l ie , and i n the l ast feud in Clay County they escorted the re~ort e rs out of the mount e.ins e.nd ~"ra rned them not to return . r 11 · ( Julian Ral;oh i n Harper • s Magaz ine , June ,l903.) ~ llV\.C- - ··~·~. ·;_ tt;Z-r-f- .,lj_ ~£•.~ -·a.~ . Jt ~'' 4.c.~· · 73'J . .-&.- 741. 72.6 ~ ( ' . DISTRUSTFULNESS . No mount ain man can stand it to see hi s nei ghbors t a l king among t b.emsel ves . He must j oin them, t o l ear n t h e i r topi c, and , peradventure , t o k e ep t hem f rom t a l 1'=.ing abou t hi msel f . (Laying t rap f or vis itor . Devel op e · 11urnn r ous s itua tion by having Ol d Pete sh r ewdl y }'! l ace John s on• s new "s tore gal l u ses 1r where the stranger could s t eal them, but f'i xi ng t o t rail h im l a t er. ) oo- &eH~· ''-flk f;) ~ tn<L-+; ~ .-(wu_ --fdu. -#:;;t;' ~ A<> 'f:u- ,.;.t;tz-~· ~ o>-k'-;>. ?rta-'.RL ~ ?.:. ""'"; ~ ~ -;1- ciU ~ ,t.-1---: ,;.,.-lfu- 4d&. ?- . :4:4/;-.W. ~ i-L I~ ;r--~-~tt;: J:;' J t;;:;;_ ~- C~ ';ft,._._, ~A~ ,,~ . ~ ~ ~!?- ~, [~-) (/0 )ti;;,_ .ik-~ ~ ~ ~ a.-L t:-~· ~· llj ~(JL- ~1r .l.:-!' See a lso HOSPIT ALITY. SHIFT~ESSNES S , 1. ~. /.o IV.+-. , -'·D r:J • ~. .- ~ ;:r ,.~.e i ~ .;. ~ ,._ .R~-~· ~ -&~. r;-~.~ ~ ~ - J. Au. ft . i't7 <~-11>'1: t NEI GHBO RL I NESS . See SALUTAT I ONS. !cfuch more mar ked i n f ormer times . Log-:collings , hu.sk i ng-bees, etc ., were corrunon. (Bob• s father.) ~-~ 4nw ~rv--. Bor r o v~ring . Miles , 78, 81. II~ r~ .-.---.c-~--?" Little or no n e i ghborliness nov;e.days. Gifts . Miles ,79- BO , 83-84. I n +v-ne -oack. wooa-s~'!oWnW"e" ~ canno t c1l oose 'a 1. s ne1. g-nb ors , nor c an 11 e keep r i d of' them. Hence it is best ·o be ·:frell a;Nay f rom otl:ters. Nuisance of near neighbors of the low sort.-- No privacy. Prying , tattling , lying , sponging, loaf ing . You are overrun by t heir cb.iclcens, pigs , dogs, children, of:fended. by their dirt. and di s order, in constant t rouble f rom tl1.eir f' ailure t o lceep up t heir fences. Wh.ere you live side- by- s i de , as at Gamp 7, they befoul the s pring and 1ceep the whole nei ghborb.ood nas t y , besi des hastening t he consumption of good · fue l and Kind ling . (tJ ~ ~_.,._ .9 ~· ~ ·· ~ ~-~· ·. VISITING. The do~s were barking with dea:fening persistence. We all rushed to t he stoop to see a woman on 11orseback just coming • on to tb.e l and • :rar dovm t11.e mountain side. After great efforts, the animals were quieted lon~ enough fo£ us to hear in a s11.arp and yet flat voice, the question shouted at us: • Dogs bite? • Mrs. Ayer signa lled that the dogs di d n• t bite and tb.at t.b.e woman was to come on. As she drew nearer, vve saw t hat the s t ranger wore a white -apron over b.er print gown. Y.le had already ob served that to wear a white apron here is to be i n t11e very height of' a well-dressed condition . • •• On the sallow faces of t hese female mountaineers tb.ere is a ~peculi ar smirlc, a certain expression of gratified vm'lit.y, when tl1e vvhi t e apron i s 'Jwrn, and if that portion of' the wardrobe b.as a small f lounce at the bot tom, then tb.e wearer i s a l most age;res sive l y • set up . • ••• •It• s Mrs .Case fr om over ·on the stat e Road ,• said. Mrs.Ayer; let u s hope she has not come to s~9 end the day . • Mrs.Case dr ew near, her thin, saffron f ace very solemn in the depths of her vth.i te sunbonnet. She nodded and said:: • Howdy. I hope you-unti i s all ·Nell? • ••• Mrs .Gase shook hands with us all, s lowly swinging our hands up 8.nd down, as if she were going t hrough some kind of a r eligious c e x·emony at which. i t wou l d be improper to smile . ~J:i:'s . Aye r tri ed to converse, mak in~ gr eat efforts to e l icit some respons e from her guest, wb.o sat in the best chai1:. , with her fee t thrust out towa:rd t11e t•ix·e which smou l dered in :front of her . She was: q_uiescent, not to say s t agnant, t hat Mrs. Ayer at last desisted from her arduous exertion , and we sat in s ilence, Mrs.C ase apparently enj eying her cud , or her wad o:f snuf f, wi tl1. me lancb.oly satisfaction. After a quarter of an hour she turned her b.ead t oward Mr s . Ayer and asked:-- ~ •Air yo• well enough?" (Aft er a cou~ le o:f mean remar ks by no means credit able to her host ess , she told about the cleat l1_ of' her son-in-law . - - ) 11She sai d 11e wa• n• t nawthi n • nor no·oody in h i s fife , b~-t- •he di ed rejoici n•. :1 ••• We can•t be thankful •nough tha t Bill he died with J esus i n his soul~" (After minute particu l ars s.bout her s on-i n-law• s i llness and l ast 11ours)"3he s a i d she •did :n •t Know nawthin• who war er gwine te r pay Bill• s doctor. • She as s erted that money rn11st be r aised s omew·ay . Having sai d this s b.e t urned to Junab e l and me, s lowly, but with great une:>,.r-p e ctedness, and t old us that she b.ad b.eard 1ve wanted t o buj' a b.orse ••• • I reclean old Yaller-tail • 11 suit you-uns , • said M"rs .C ase . • I rec1con we rnought go out a.n• look at b.im. • (She l eft the horse on trial. A negro boy observed t 11.at) ta.'r pearet:\ like Mi s • c ase wor so pious dat •t wa •n•t ~s a f e er tradin• wif her.• ~ (The 11.ors e ·,vas lmock-kneed, had f its , arid vvas returned to t he owner. :the boy who rode it bacl~ reported· thatp "• Mis• Case she wor t hat mad that she cus sed an • cussed.•" (Pool, Maria Louise. I n Buncombe County.) (I~ ~ a. 4 ()~ ~ ~!' ( 'm•TJ) Chronic visitors. Mrs. "Goob er. 11 ~, ~- 1>1--}Vt.~. It. is customary t o sing out 11hello 11 ! bef'ore ent ering a house, but not to 1mock. f< -ur-.4RJZ { ~o::t-: ~ ~ ~ ? ~'.,(. r c.r-c. t.- ~ . ~ , ,~ ? , 7to:- & ;Jt;:-~ ~ .;. )(;;::4_ ~ .,).,. ,. fik ~ ~.~ _;_ ._ ~ .J-1.-~; ,, (~) ( ~} .-&.~ , 621. "'Yt-o ~ ~dl-~ :· ~-·~·) Au. P. 'o-ocr. I. I I . I D~ALS OF C OL~ORT . ur ".o love , of a :>rint.er night , to build a good log fire, and jest r~r · back and eat b i g ap_les ~"( M . D . ) " Old man Proctor· allers rdl l have a good , big fire , and , ~ George , hit •:;as jus t li ·e 1 . 11in1 teeth to co e a ·ra r f rom it . " • r ·; ·'- ;- . ' ·• PROPRIETI ES . .,. "Yet t here i s vd t hal a real kindl ines s · and a cert ain shy modesty, and often a p a s sionat e eagerness to no t e poi nt s of' superiority which may be i mitat ed . c Lou i s .J As a r u l e the prop r i eties of l i fe ar e ob served to a suryri s ing d e gree." ( Frost, i n Atlantic Monthly, 83 : 316.) Etiqu e t te . See Pioneer Life , 4 ~ 84. · I f a guest arrives armed, it is "manners 11 t o unload the -uve a:pon at once and p l a ce it vhere it can be s een at all times by t he host. Tb.e sll.erif f lay ing hi s r evolver on the mant e l - p i e ce . . • ! • . " '• ' . . ,. • ·. ~ .:. - . , .· . - Tay--1-ol.~ we.nt ·t o s l e ep wi t h loaded- r'evol v e r~ u.nder h i s~ 'billow. I n tb.e morning f ou nd gun where he had pu t i t, but ca r t ridges -- l y i ng on tb.e t ab l e . . . ~ 1 , u.J ~ ~ r-J-fTK. . ".9 ~ ~ ~ ~.r-t!V'- .;._ ~ ~ (Jjt4,J ~ t< J_t-~(1 73~ ((~r ,. !?. I ?{.J.r, . ~ . . . · ' ~ : .,:_::· . ,, • INQUISITIVENESS. 11Along with the bott le came the inevitable first question that , under any and all circmnntances , every mountaineer asks the s tranger, no matter if the stranger gas asked him a question f irst . ' Well, stranger , what mought yo • name be? • Answering that, you are expected to t ell in the same brea th, as vvell, ·v<;hat your business is. I ltnew it was useless to tell L"line-,- i t would not he.ve been unde rstood, and would have engendered susp icion~ so b.e gave them a mild subterfUge. (!Qx, Blue- grass and Rhododendron, ss.) "Who might you- all be? \\"here are ye aimin • ter go? What brung ye up this air way-off branch? Where do ye live at? Where• s yer old man? c This to a l ady engaged in university ext ension worl\. .J Hovl old be ye?" (Frost in Atlantic Monthly, 83 : 316 . ) "Wl1a t do you-uns fall er fer a li vin•? 11 Promiscuous handling of tb.e mail. ( Granville• s tv:ife:) 11Here • s a letter for - - -- who s e handwrite d.o you say t hat is?" kf. t o/t. Reading over one • s shoulder . Medlin, also Lindale. See THEACHERY 7 10 11 . u t Jrnq. Mrs . 11 Goobe r " opening our d.oor in the morning b efore we were out of bed, and walking in without a word. Spying on neighbor s • 11ouses . Bob slip1)ing in on Marshall and me . Aldeely spying. a ~ ~<.-; ~ 7~7· ••• 11 Cb.ildron v:i tb. l ong white hair and one 'finger in t_l.eir mouths . stood on tho hearth i n front of us and stared ai us • .•• The childr en , f ive i n number, ranged t 11emselves on the broad stone l1eartll. before me , and proceeded to ta1ce a deliberat e survey of me fro1r1 head to f'oot . Thi s ~.ras no intentional rudeness on their ·')art, but sirn-;') l y an e:xn r ess i on of cl1.ildic1l curiosity nor v;·as it considered. a breach of 1nanners by the ~ arents , for no re~r o of was offered • • • • The next morning, when I awoke , tll.ere Yfas a row o:f c11ilclre:n• s :fa ces , one above anotb.er, :peeping i n tJ.1.rour;h the war,.ped door . 11 (Louise Coffin Jones in Lippi ncott •s Ma gazine , Dec.,l879 . ) ''d .-1-· Jfwr 1~ 1 Ck· ,4 . ~(-- . h._. f . ~- t" 1,.- ., •• ~ . .,.G 'J.~ ~ .,. .-/ . ,J,~:.~ vf.:y~;---:,,.zt.,. , ~:-. .(, ~+ .-!, . ,.\ '.! (Jn~ e.-<- . :-. . (ll!,.:ll t?./J . ::~1', ·r 1 'lit. e., "31t ;JL'._. eJ .-~,2>.,-:t- , 7<.~ ~ . ·u~ i;.J,.,., .,._;. ~ :,t- . ~ ~ -;t. ~ #.<;, k . ~'-' """'~ 11.u """"~"' -1h• :.,1. Tt;;. _ ,.,.£.,.~ .,j d.:, -1.,. '?•._ ~-·; ( a.J,_<:fi,.,.J_. .:~·"'iJ~ ~'""'"J J (Stranger a-ppears , coming U1) the road to post- office . Old Pete on t11e l')Qr ch . ) "I jes ' o-ot ter 1\.now w:ho that feller is . 11 ( Pick.s ur hat and. an1bl es to s tore , follo ved by three other nei grbors of si:rtilar mind . ) - /"f ~.JI ('I , l- ·(\tl f.t zj 11 . r r- . 1 1 • .J,. .1. \J II' ~ f -1• " •. (, "7 . ' ("# #r.l "'1vP' I~ f.v'"7 .:J._-rf( • ~ e,. •••• ~.~ ~ .4.k- ~ ~ 'if.,V.-~ (~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ #;<) ¥f. 1 (A.}!~:) \A 't(J't.i; ~ i 1 ~.-. l 4--, , • '• a+:- . k -h4y -t.:o )(,. (.;:;( •h L» '>4 • "' '·• RUD]!NESS . Among mountaineers who b.a.ve not come mucl1 in contact with cultivated peop l e :· ( the.t is to say , in all but very exceptional cases) you may gi ve p resents and do favors without ce2.sing but you shall never hear man , woman, or cl1.ild say 11 Thanlc you. 11 They will a ccept a good turn, all rigb.t , but are t oo proud to aclmowledge it . Your ty-pical mounta i neer di sdains all f orms of politeness , (.,du.,/ 91~.) nyou ar e a l ways commanded to appear at the t able , as el se;;Jhere tl1roughout the south, in a r ough., per emptory tone , as if your host feared you. would try t o excuse yourself." (D.lUH2.:t.ml., E._. 1_.Journey in the Back Country,266 . ) An angry , l'Udely abrupt , or querudous t one . ~. ".9 ~ ;,).,- -t.-. ~-~-r ~ .t-~. ~, i"'·"'~ c~ ·•· '/-· ,. t• -J • "The facetious ~J i lleb ibber ':Vas an eve:r- welcome g;,est 8.t ·:.lJ.e t 2,b l es of ~)ro vi nc i e. l re s i dents , a nd t he conv e r sat.ion ••• :c a.n on tal es of 7!aggery and u·)on t o·oics even l e~'J~ de corous . Frivolous ~:9 eech in country circ l es con11uonl y made :;,1art , indeed often t he grea t est ·)art , 0 ·.\". ' +v 1l 1. "v " <<:>."L1T.I.l .•-.". ,6.f!f ien·-'c,· C~'. •v .l. d,.J. ,e +v a.· o l e ccf_ ~·tJ e·."L t·b .e lc~;. dl' I":J' S 1l '"J.'Cr. Q' .-L, e-(',- i .L-·, oU-1 ' 1':"i. .l1 Q" "nOS - pi t ali ty alnost inv c:u~i B.b ly ended in be.s.st l y intern;) e r e.nce . 11 ( Svdney . F:ngl e.nd in the 18th· Century , 230 . ) 11 Co ~ye r bears s i rni l ar testimony in the s econcl. h.alf of ti1.e 18tlJ. century t o the b.eatheni sl1. :me.nner s of t11.e ~peo p l e of Olney , a vi llage in ·t 1J.e northern divis ion of Bu.cldngh.C'.rnsh.ire , '.'rher e h.e bad f ixed J:1.is c;,bod.e . ·,-;h ere clJ.i l c.lren of s even yea r s of age inf e stec1 tll.e ':~ tr e ets ev ery evening cursing and bla.s·9heming 8.nd. s i nging uns ee:1.ly s ongs , at tlJ.e connivance of t heir ·1a.r ents . 11 ( D.Q_., 252 . ) £1J- f~J s; ~ ~.-.J.- ~ '\'~ ~ t-JJ<. ~ r~ . _, -~:/ih;= ;s ~ ~. . r,~ 'lv(>-t ~· ,.,. ~- ~ aJ ~_;_.,t;[.-wn~LJI:v~ v7~ fi.-~, ".J k(j;-~ ~f:--.1<. ~·~ ~ a.-6~-r ~ ~- -- - ~-,.4.1.-J k.dt:L -:.1-- ~.z.--. JG) ~?ft. ~ -+4a-~ ~ ~ c~Lw-J. ~ ~,~. v"#~J t•{N 4-· ._. .,._. ~ ~ ~ 1~"'"'- D.,._ ~ ~ ~ tp.:;;:r;t;.-. Au-b. ~ L;- ~"".1}.:-~ ~ ,. Jlti;) ~;o.t. - Co • ,. . :J ~· . ~-~ ~: C.L4&t-·~ . ilt·"l/l~:) . SPORTS . llS:ports EU'e still tb.e same-- as they have been for a hundred years-- wrestling , racing, jumping, and lifting barrel s . 11 ( FQA.,'l l .) ~-~- •see Pioneer Life, 4~ , 83, 8 5 . Q_ock- figlltin,g . - - Favorite aport of -~.he men, a lthough now under ban of the la-::-;. Bob and tl1e Poseys . -"" 1 11But the cl1.ie:f amusement of many country gent l emen was cocl\.fig; b.ting , of which the mains tl1.&-t ·,;rere to be fought ~-.7 ere 8.dv8rtioed in t1.1.e country nevm1)c:rpers • •• 'l:he protr&cted conversa.tion u_pon tlle relative merits of their several birds, at the di nner - t ab l es of country gent l emen, ·."oul cl fre quent ly resu l t in 2" c ocl~.- f i ght , order s t b eing gi ven f or the birds to be brought i nto the dining- ro om." (s~ r o" ne-v 1l'r.r·l P. "10, 1··- ·'·,ne l 0 t'J Ce·ntury 232 ) .1- _ • -~ . !~ -·.!- - .!.l G.!. . o l. _ v 1 • " ' .T r ave l l-er s agreed with c oach:nen t11at :t;hey vr.er.e to ·.-~ait a ni ght if tl1cre rras a. cocK- fi ght in a.ny town tb.rough whi c11. they p&ssed. • • • T:i:1e church bells at times announced the -.~'in:0.ing of a l ong main. 1 11 ( D.Q_. ' 233- 234. ) ~ 1 ~,.4-.J4~,E.~ . .4u- }(0~. /2. jJ_~-.;_ Y~ .4.u. )fo~ , 7, /.2 . HUN'riNG. "Bears are found on the sombre spruce- clad smnmi ts of the Black, smoky , and Balsam ranges , in the region of the Great Hogback, Wl1i tes ide, satoola, Short- off , the Nanti11.alas ( Mundy• s ), the Catalucb.e (swain Co . ) , and the santeetlah and Tellico Mountc:dns (Graham Co . ). " (Ziegl er. ) Be~r hunting. D. 41- 4 , 46-7 , 58 . Squirrels their vitality, toughness of hide . M.:.:._ ~· --'' W.-R, .J w.aA .fv:,._ ~ -fR:,- ~ Jt:;:' ~ -.;t:;" ~ ~ ." ·: ~ - p-u- ~ -1.£~ ~ o' ~-~·" (1¥'~) (Josh Cal lloun , wit h hunting -part·y on Defeat Creek .-) "Some keerless fell er s had. burned ur) t l1e s ide slabs of t he ca.E-p . I 1 woke i n t he n1orning and. found one o 1 my shoes bo '"'eel up l i ke a Mad to ad . I t hought mebbe ' t would do, bu t no, it was brittl e as '1 bot tle . One o ' tl1e men cut off his bootleg f er me , another had a s e1.'1 i ne; awl , and several had groundhog st r ings around t llei r vokes . So I made me a noccasin , and Yent on V' i t h the hunt . It was a leetle aw1<:."aro., at f i rst , wal king wi t h one she e and one moccasi n , but a man soon gits used t o 'mos t anyth i ng ." 7S"O . ., FI SHI NG. Trout . D. 23 . Bass lower down in Hazel Creek also pilce and perch. Fish tra};)s in rivers . A v- shs.:ped. dam of logs or rocks , the angle ~ po int ing down stream, and in it a series of slats with openings between l a r ge enough to admit a fish into the box below, which is . I emptied daily. "rk-. ~ 1/a. ~ J ~ ~.'' 7S"/ • • •• WOODCRAFT. "A t radition, old in Pliny•s time, is that serpents avoid ash trees another is tb.at as11 is particularly liable to be struck by lightning. 11 ( SlJ.rul., Principal species of wood, 27 . ) Miles,86 . Ci· jfi~ , ~/611 •• (}(.L. .lt", r· '1°· ( 1Sl ee-pi ng out . " ) "You c. a i n ' t t l1row yer boot s und er t hat s ort o ' bed; but t here hain ' t no bugs i n it . 11 (Bob on how to c c:rpt ure a hornet ' s nest . - ) "To gi t grubs :fer t r ou t - :fishi n ', jes t ease up t o a hqr net ' s nest and s t uff you a sto":rrper o ' s omethi n ' i n t he hole . Then cut t h e bu sh o:f:f . Th en open up t h e ho le , and run of f with bush an ' all . Every one o ' them hor nets ~ j_l l f'l y right bacK i n a bee- line f or t he pl ace v;here tl1e bush u s eter s tEmd . 11 (I , absently .- ) 11 \\rny cl.on 1 t you 1 ee.ve the h.o l e s to-p1;ed u p? 11 11 How i n t he 11 ell would you gi t 1~i d o • yer hornet s ? 11 11Hold yer breat h \'Th en a mo s quito st icks b.is bill i nto you, an 1 you can eas i l y k.etch hi ril . " 11 IIarCI.shell t urtl.es 1 eggs c an ' t be co oked done , boiling n er :fr ying : I 'v e don e t r i ed it . 11 "I can t el l tho k i nd o:f a t ree t hat a bee has his home in, f rom t he color of the stri r>e o ' fuz z on t he b ee ' s b ack . 11 (E . g .- He start ed t rro lines of bees t o- day (July 16, 1907 ~, one from a pine and t he oth er from a cl' estnut or c . est nut- oe.k .) "A~ of"' ~ 4-~ ~ ~;, ~ ' c GAMES AND AMUSEMENTS. social B:arnes : Roll the Pl atter, Weavilly Wheat, Swing t he Cymblin. Skip t • rn• Lou ( ut11at• s a ~ll p l ay. 11 M. B. ) (Sounds like "Ski p tum a - loo. 11 ) nRound the house skip t • m• Lou, skip t • m• Lou, my dar lin. • steal ny partner and I • 11 steal again; skip &.Q. Take her and go with her, I don • t care skip &.Q_. I can get another as pretty as you; ski p &.Q. Pretty as a r ed- bird, and prettier too s lc.ip &.Q. 11 Ki ssing games . Miles , l5 9 . Childr en• s games , Mil.s2.a, 7, 17. ~ />· 7r.s-. ,4u. J.-J.L--~ · ~ .$".2. 1. Poke suppers . Girls • pol<:es (of cake, etc . ) are s o l d at auction. Highest bidder eats 1ti t ll. the . girl -vvho fixed up the polc.e . one sup.:per at Medlin cost J ohn Calhoun ~p 24 . s ometimes pol<:es are bid u:p to as mucb. as $50 . ~),.+ 'If~ -l:&t;;. '' Raffles. Called "Ri fling off." .t The carver• s , etc., on Little River. watch at Ca l houn•s store . Card p la~ing . No gambling on Hazel Creek. Pitch is called set- baek. Signinf; . Excuse for this !)etty tric1c.ery i s the same as for bushwhaclcing . 11 1-Iit• s as fair fer one as • t is fer t • otl1er. 11 Incapable of p laying fair when they get excited. '' j ~ ~:;;- .,. --~ .-J~" ''-9 .e.:.L l;z;; -- ~ 1--a.- 4 ~ ,._ 1;;:;-.f ~, social game s : "Neeo_le • s JiJy e , 11 "Thimble , 11 "Boston, 11 "We Fish Who Bi te , 11 11 Yvho , Where , What , 11 unan Tucker , 11 11 Grin and Go Foot , 11 and "Good Ni ght ." (Haney . Mounte.in Peop l e ot· Kentu cky , 53.) Swing t he cym•lin, my ugar-lmnp (three ~Ji!_) Swing t he cyrn•lin home . Bob carryi ng a boiling iron ~et t l e on h i s na ~ed hand . (C~ (t~!' (Bob y.,l aying so l it aire : ) "No .r I 'm gitti n ' it just to my notion ." ~ ~-~?" ~c.:r ~ . ~. ~. ~-~ «-· . . ~ ~1-~·c.-~.tS~ - JAr--~·87- 7Sb HOLIDAYS.-- FESTIVALS. The Fourth. of July is not, as a. rule, c e l ebrated in the mountains . Washington' s ~ir thday_. and Labor Day are unheard of. Chri stmas i s celebrated after the s outhern fashion, the boys and men f i ring revo lvers (nQ1L with blank cartridges) and drinking to the limit of supply or capacity. There i s no c11.urcb. t'estivity, nor are Ch.l., i s tmas trees ever set up . In a few families of the better class tl1e chil dren h.ang up their s tockings, but many have never heard of santa Claus. Nev.r Year' s Day is c e l ebrat ed Yvi th ;;.rhat effervescence remains from Chris t mas , and in s i milar fashion. I n Christmas week the young men get a two-b.ors e -v7agon, gather up tlle gi r l s , and go from l:) l ace to p lace, where they frolic every night, \Vi th dancing ( "t;wistificationn ) , tl1.e men d.rink.ing free ly, and t he spree often ending in a gene1.,al rumpus . s.ee a l so Pioneer Life , 4; 8.6 . ,~· __ , ~ ' , _ The feu de ~£· -eW. ~"' .:--: '~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t. ~ e-M-A. lC;:;;) ~- ,vi. /'k ~- ~,.·c -.r. . h-f4- {;;-' - · kr-tSf-. COMING! COMING! to Andrews, N.C. October 2 ,., -3-4 BENEFIT . LOCAL RED CROSS M. E. COZAD, Chairman Every man that can play a fiddle or pick a banjo, COME. A hearty welcome awaits -you. Come on and let's help the boys in F ranee win the war. F irst Grand Prize -to best fiddler . . . . . . . . . . Cash $10.00 Second Grand Prize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _,, . . . " 7.00 Third Grand Pl'ize. . . . . . . . . . . . . '' 5.(10 Fourth Grand Prize . _ . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . " 2.50 H. W. F oys ter to be!lt fiddler· . . . . . . . . . · . . . . . Cash $ 1.00 Dav is Pharmacy to second best fiddler . . . . . . . . . '' 1.00 R. W. R ector to third bP-st fiddler . . -. . . . . . . . . . . " 1.00 J. W. Phillips to fourth best fiddler . . . . . . . . . . . " 1.00 Arvil Hurt to first. best fiddler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " I.OO E d gat· Holl and to second best fiddl e r. . . . . . . . " i.OO W . F. S umner to third best fiddl er. . . . . . . . . . . . 1.00 W. B. Walker to fourth be@t fiddl er . . . . . . . . -. . . . . . " 1.00 John Hyde, fo1· best "Just before the Battle Mot her" . . . . . Cash $ 1.00 Pascal Palmer, for best ·'Cituco". . . . . . . . " 1.00 0. C. Hall, for best " Siuda" . . . . _. . . . . . •• 1.00 W. J. Wright, for best "Sourwood Mountain" . . . . . _ . . . . . " 1.00 H. G. Hampton, for best "I.ady Ha milton'' _,. . . . . . " 1.00 Fisher's De pt. Store, for best "N eare r, My God tv 'l'h ee". . . ·• 1.00 J . N. Elliott, to the biggest-nosed fiddler . . . . . . . . . . " 2.00 Harry" Goodson, to the crookedest-nosed fiddl er . . . : . . . . . '' .50 J . W . Newman. for best "Cumberland Gap·•• . . . . . $l.OO's worth of coffee 8. M. Holland, fiddler with largest feet . . . . . . $l.OO 's worth of c igars ,J. R . Leach, for bost ·'Booget· Man" . . . . -. . one pa ir tennis shoes Walker Pharmacy, to ugliest fiddle1· . . . . one bottle Wine of Cat·dui H. L . Rowland, for best " Sourwood Moun tam " . . . . $1.50 cuff butrons Ca rolina F eed & Lumber Co., to leanest fiddler . . one bag fertilizer J . E. Kephart, to biggest-footed fiddler . . . . . . . . . one $1.00 shi rt BANJO F irst Grand P rize to best banjo picker . . . . . . . $5.00 by White Bros. First best on "Florida 'l'ramp" . . . . . . . . . $1.00 by Chas. T. Almond Best on "Coal Creek " march . . . . . . . . . $1.00 -by .1. W. Ledford Second best ba njo picker . . . . . . . . . . . . $1.00 b:v G. E. Lail 'l'hird best ba njo picker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $100 by i. P. Burger Best banjo and fiddler on "Bandbox" . . . . . . . . $1.00 by Whrtaker Bros. Be11t quartette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1.00 by D. S . Russell For any further information apply to H. G. WHITE, Andrews, N.C. • MUSIC . "His music is thus a trans-Atlantic r e:m:11ant . • • • ~ear ly all songs and dance tunes are wr itten in the so-called scot ch scale, and, like negr'o rm1sic, they drop fre qu ently into the relative mi nor so that if t her e be any truth in the theory the.t negro music is merely tl1.e adaptat ion of scotch and I r ish foU~- songs , and folk-dances, with. the addeo_ starrr.9 of t he negro • s l)eculiar temperament, then the IffiJ"'lic adapted is to be hea r d in the mount ains to-day as the negro heard it long ago." (~ 14.) "His ml sic i s in a weird minor l<.ey , and like t hat of Chaucer• s Prioress, r en tuned in hire nose full swetely • • TJ1e n.ymns which are l ined out and sung in unison,in very s low time, are usually quite doleful." (Frost,Atlantic Monthly, 83 :314.) / "Banjo and most secular music commonly accounted wiclc.ed." ~ 1tJ-~-o-t~ia-. -- . Can you realize that th ere ls a place in the United States where "part singing" is a curiosity? That is the case in a large part of the mountain region. Several Berea students have drawn crowds to the it- Sunday Schools by exhibiting- the harmony of bass, t en or, a lto and soprano to people who have known only singing "In unison" and la rgely in the minor key of our ancestors.- The Berea Q1;1arterly. ,";"1 Ft;v.: .,. ,.( ~" ~ 7.$"9 760 . DANCI NGM Ca lling f i gures : HBal ance al l ~ Swing y er p ardners~ Cage the bird! Grand r i ght and wrong! Fust l ady to t11e right-- cheat or SiNing! 11 ( Fox. )(so also M. B. ) 11 IJy goociness! if vm di d 11 1 t have a hog- ldllin1 old time that night-- tvm banj e r s and a f i ddle!n ( M. B.) "The ma jority of t11e parents , and the yo1.mg }.)eo-:ole ·:·ho o.o not dance , believe i t ic a sin t o a ttend such a social gathering so , in the eyes of the peon l e , a youth f orfeits his rel igion when' he attends a dance •••• 761 The tuning of t he fiddle and banj o i s the oi gn a l and ins:p±ration t o s t a r t a game , -,vhich i s introduc t ory to the "set." "Sna-p" is usuall_y tho f irs t game . A young man a.nd y oung l ady 1 b.olds u~; 1 i. e., they s t and in the middl e of the f loor i!ihi le the boys cmd gi r l s chase each e thel" 2. l tornately around them. The young l ady and young gent l eman exchan ging :-? l ::::.ces consecut ively with the on e ~:ho is caught. Thus t he game goes on whi l e t he mu s i c t o • C:;:'i})ple Creel\:• or 1 Love S o me body~ furni shes merri ment for a ll . Thia game is soon over, and the partne r s 2.r e on the f l oor f or the f i rst set . •Hook and Line ,• the favorite t une , i s now ca lled t"'or , and the vio l in 2nd banjo wa l k enthusiaRtically s ide by s i de • . The ·following i s an extr act f rom t he rcall;~" "Eir:;ht hands up and go to t he l eft h&l f and back cor n e r s turn; partner s "sash-i-a t o." Fi l' s t f our, f orr,ra r cls and bacl\. forwar d again abd cross over forward and back and home you go. Gents s t and and l adj_es swing in the center; own partne r s s.nd hal f 11 sash-i-ate." 1 Ei ght hands and gone a ga.in hal f and back partners by the right a nd oppos ite by the l eft-- 11 sash- i - a t e . '1 Right hands across and howdy do; l eft and back and how a r e you? 0 ~9:9 0 ·i -te partners, half u sash-i-a t e 11 and go to the next; ,. and s o on, f or eac11 couple. 1 All h e.nds up c:.n:i go t o the l eft ,-- hit the f loor,-- corners turn an .,J_~ :· ~ . ~/i ~·~· ~-~ v.(JVI Li,i 7• . HUMOR. The mountaineer• s no ion of humor i s _expressed by the horse- p lay . ~.~<- and· crass Vtllge.ri ty of' "Su . t Lovingood." Often it has a t ang of acerbity.-( Mrs."Goober.") "Wln.at you-uns let tin' it r a.in f or?" ( Mrs . B.) "Wb.y, I want you t.o gi t drowned." Dry ~a tire of t h eir own pover t y , shiftlessness , versonal a::,-pearance . ~- A-f+ . .2sr., 2a2,n6 , ·W. ?!!h_,M. ~z. ~-,._., 'b~ "The ])rice o ' corn <lon ' t go u -p .e7e"''Y tiDe a pi g squeals .·11 ( II . K. ) "PeOl)le, I ' r~ t oo active to danc e , ancl t oo stout t o s-ylit r2 il s . " 11 Come here : I vrar t er s hovr you somet hing . Look a'-lvay-y yander at the ':'!OOl on that fl ea ' s ham ~" ("Belle Davis :rould ' a ' marr i ed hin i f he hadn' t sold ker t ~ ata~ay ." ) "Li ke t he ni gger that had holt of t l1e bull ' s t a i l , I di dn ' t have t i rne t o chat . " 11Boys ,v you cou.l d. have -played war bl es on my shirt-t~dl t as I tuk up t hat hill ! 11 (M. B.) "I 7ant to go to Ash eville as bad es you; but b l amed if I can an . leave everyt h i ng i n a gaum . This hous e must be clean ed . \Vhat you thi n}~. Aclruns ' d do i f he "."!B.s to come h ere ~nd find ev erythi ng l ooki ng lil<e a back- house? 11 (Bob.) 11 I reclcon he ' d go to tal\.i n ' "hi s gal lus es clowt1 . 11 (Bob , sni fj~ ing :) 11 \V"nat d ' ye c all that stuf'f? 11 (I . ) "Oil of c i t r onel la ." ( Bob . ) "Smells to me lik.e oi l o 1 polecats a-fight i n •. 11 )y{.""' ., ~ . .+- .:o. ,'-wlt(,.t. r#V<~T, ~.;:;. •• ~ """" ~·~11 . -t. ' 1-,. .,to.::.~ .e.~.:( *"~ )~ -=-. ,.¥ . .1. •.• v~ . --- ~ 1t~ ""-. ~ ,. .t . ~.u JAQ .f~t.:;.,~ ,.r ''~ . -"'"v.;·- ,.,__,._.::w•-1 "1-F"i:f:l h~,,. ;_ lt:;A:> ltz;:} ., .~ . .{,_. f : fVV" ~ , --.:.u c.L1 - H.e.r. At ''.C.U- .(,U.t., '4 dV'* ~ ~, 4_. .,;e.~. (f'1n.u-~ ~.) II no-w-, ~I ,.;.£1 r~ ~ ~ ~p- ~ -~ ~ l:ok WJt:: ~- ~ ?' [~, ~ "ift~,J!.u~ ~,Jo.~ , ~; M-- .J ~lr ~ ?c-o ~ ~ - Jt:;d:;-+ ~ ~. ,, 'Jh~ ~ l{}.k- ·-- 7t:v .,t. . !i:f-; ~ ~ ·'tr ~ a ,J ~ lliP ~.J. ~ .,.,~ -.:1 .6; ~ .:k. -f-i-: " ., -b.-. I t>W ! ?li_ ~"" 1 " "Av ~ t 1 .9 ~.{ . 1t- ~ ""':7 ,.~.:.,," .(,1·83.3- - 1 - EDUCATION. (See also IGNORANCE. ) @:>?"./;,. "It should be sai d further that these people are now more destitute of all the opportunities that go with education than any ot11er peopl e of our race in the world . ( Frost, Re vi ~7v of Revie'"s , 21 : 308 . ) 11Hi s lit erary sustenance is simpl y archaic . 11 ( J2Q., ) specimens of s~e lling . See Louis • s l etters, Pete Laney • q, Q!>l_ ~,mm • s in D. 45- 6 , a l so D. 57 . The ~-,fedl in tea cher, see 11 Edzact 11 under DI ALECT . Laney says t:!.1at the. sc~1()1\l_ -hm1se on Gable Br anch of Hazel Creek he.s puncheon f l oors , no windows , and i s uncll.inked . Could s tick ~· :i q :Pi. st out between the logs . No t.eacher • s desk, no desks :for pupils . T·,, o or tluee hand- made chairs 011r~ 1 i +.tle rocl;;:_e r , benches to sit mn vie:ee ~!' 1'Pnged a round the Y.'alls and SUl)ported by vrooi en 3) i ns ( save one ·01hicl1 •:ras held up at one end by an old bot.tomless cb.e.ir and had t11e oth.er end stuck into a crack in the wall) . c l apboa r d door hung on wooden hin ~ e~ a nd fastened ~ith a chain. Open f irepl ace a t one end ( Medlin s choo1- 11ouse 11as no_ provision for heating), Room alllout 14xl 6 ft . Pupils enrolled 39 , all :erom 6 families . Te&.cher Mi ss G·eenie Taylor ( li""hJYe:r.iP? ) ~ intelligent girl of about 20 , uses good l~ng li sh , has lived in Kansas , home Bryson City . no ball ;;·R·ne!"; Q'round t oo s teep . Mai'bles . ~;-;s.s-. Small attendance . School routine . Games . Discip l ine . ~fi l es . 5- 1 "l ••• "The big boys Y.'JJ.o v:ere expected by their l!lates t o rt.m every teacll.el'' nwL nf school-- •:v-i tl1. open 1\:.ni ves , if necessary.'' (:QQ. ) _,,c;_gerness for education. Cli:9:pings inq_lo s ed r';r- l li::er ) See also CAPABILITIES. "In the streets of a Spanish city a -ooliceman stumbled on the co~)se of a ragged and emaci a ted pauper . In making out his report he asked the magistrate what he should ent er as the dead ma n • s profession . •Vhat di d he die of ?• ' starvation. • 'Put h im dovm- a scb.oolma ste~ . a " (Williams ,Leonerd . Land of the Dons,326 . ) Industrial schools for Ky . mountaineers : Berea Coll ege , Madison Co.; London, Laure l Co.; Mt. v ernon, Roclccastle co . Academies fo r Q.Q.: Lees Collegiate Ins titute ,. J a cl;;:_son No rmal School, Morehead West Li berty Acad.; Williamsburg Acad.; Pres tonbu:bg Acaci.; London Acad.; Columbi a High "'chool Edward Hubbard Me111orial Ins titution , J-iianch :Js t er; Harlan Ac adem~. Hazel Green (Wolfe co . ) Acad. (Han ey . Mountain People of Ky . ) ··An Explanation. Bryson City, N.C., Oct. ·14, '12. Editor Bryson City Times: · I am wt·itjng you this article not to cast any reflection on any -~ I one, neither do I wish it to be construed as a party 'o r political ! j communication but in order that 1 the fair minded citize1'1s of Swain i county may be intelli~ently in- ·! formed of the use of their :J money. . I . . . ~ I have been informed that it· tj has been charged t hat the Treas-1 r 1 urer bas not paid over to the I school fund , the amount tha t! was justly due it. · Now the facts are these : The I law r eq ui res that the C!er lr of -I the Superior Court furni sh the ., office of the County Board of 1 Eduootion, on •the first 11onday 1 in January and July a detD iled j statement of , all fines and 1 j penalties collected by birn and 1 j receipted for by the T·reasurer. [ j This has not been done eitlher ·j for last year or this. . Statement , . of fin es and other moneys from ., the office of Superior Court Cle t'k, as above indicated, is re I quired to be in ade semiannually Part of tbe money charged 1 again s t Treasurer was tak_en from the list as posted on ~cou l't I house door in January. If there is £"9nd.s in the Treas· urer's hands due the school fund the clerk should have given this office a s tatement of the amount. The total amount of all school funds, as returned to this office, from r.ll sources is S20,998.03. I Tbe total d-isbursements as I evidenced bv vouchers turned oveT b.Y Treasurer were S;2 !, 23:J. ~ 1 62. This leaves a bnbncc . due Treasurer the sum of :'=.:?05.59. l Now in conclusion I wish to sav that if t here bas been .:funds passed tll rough the Clerk 1 Superior Court's hands belon;z,- 1 ing to the school, upon notificrc- tion 6f the amount by bim same I I will be phtced to the c redit of I said fuecl. Respt. · I J. M. S~IJLEY . ,, { he fol o· inr.t · rticlc v.O cc 1ed :from th 'ryoon 01 ty {rimes of T vt . IO·J:t' 18. -D~.~/) . r\e ~ n i . gim.blc y fr::r r'C"" r cr1 on oa 1 t·. ur t h i~ ~ - nd old c. 'ntry 'b··uutif'JJ Pi -hw·.,y 'tJ ha.vc . ,11 c1o :.; - 2 - EDUCATION. " • • • For the most part the schoo l house is still of the pioneer type-- one room, built of unhe-vm l ogs , benches without backs , no desks , mc:.p s , cb.arts , or any of the otn.er furnishings of a modern city school room. 'J:he t eacher is generally some young boy or girl of the nei ghborhood , Vli t h just enou gh lc.nowl edge t o pass the county examinations , and '."h.o drops into t eaching as t he readiest way of star ting life. He rare ly expects to continue at i t . The school 11e r i od l ast s only tl1.ree to fi ve month.s . During the r est o:f' the year he • gr ows a cr op r or does anything e:).se t hat may come to hand. The sta:te a:o:orop riation averages about ~? 2 . 50 per capita . Often the districts contain as many as 100 pup i l s of s choo l age , with 50 to 75 i n attendance . 1111 these in one room a.nd un·:5er one inexperienced t eacher ~ I att ended such a s chool on • Thousand Stick1 mountain. There -~,~as a. great room ful l of c11.i l rJ r en of all ages . Al l v:ere barefoo ted . A boy of 16 , with a third- gr ade certificate, wa s teaching • . The class in second reader >.:•n?.s out on tb.G f loor . There wer e ten of t hem, dravm in line , •.r;i th onl y one book f or t 11.e whol e class . :l!iach t ook turn i n readi ng , the teacher moving down the l i ne , corre cting." (Y?.&Clintoclc. in A.rne r . Journ. of sociology , July, 1901. ) "No schools were ~ rovi ded for t hem, and they were too - oor to este.b l ish their o·,l"n , so t l1.at they came to th.ink educ8.tion a superf luity, if not an evi l . •My father got all the corn out of his farm that the l and wo~ld yield , and he wa n • t eddicated, • said one man to me . • I do t h.e same , and I hain• t eddicated. The only differ ence I lc.in see between you- uns that • s eddica.ted and we- uns. t ha.t b.ai n • t is that you- uns i s a ll- fired proud and s tuck- u:p .• 11 ( J.ulian Ral·oh in Harpe r 1 s Magazine , June , 190.3 . ) lt~-~c11 ",.do 's t'~ ~ .&- ~ ~ ~ ~ .&;,. ~:· (<}{.c.>_,. ~I t;;-_.t. .,_ ~:' /frZ.w:$, IL LITERAC Y ~ I n 1900, in t h e cou nties of Swain, J a c lcs o n~ ;:"',.n·:. Gr2.b2.m, Cheroke e , c-,nd Clay , 23 . 8% of the white ma.les of voting age coul d ne i thor r ead nor ¥Jri t e . J\"'1/);'"'.r< +11ose i7l1.o can r ee.d , only a f ew read newspa:per s , anc:t fe-.::r indeed have ever read a boolc through .• Full statis ti cs in D.,vol. 2 . 11 Vie have only to r ead our Old Test2.ment t o be reminded t 11at mere illite r acy ~ R nnt fat a l t o char a c t er . The p a triarchs were illiterate, c:md t her e are people in t lJ.e mountains vJb.o r emi ·nr'i ,,R of them,-- men and •::omen •:rho vlitl1 deep tb.ough narroT: exp eri ences have reflected u·pon t he problems of' 1; f' e , Emd subj e ct ed themse lves t o its disci p lines, until they have gained t 11e poise and p ower of true -."~!.:i 1 () < o:ob.er s . 11 (Frost . ) 11 Tb.is concli tion 11as c ome about t hrougll natur a l causes , so tb.at ~: e cannot· h lP· 'P +.~-,e ::_;eo:p l e 2.s negligent nor despi se t hem as i nferior . If t lw s cions of our o;_'m families •::hi ch sett l e-i ~ i< '!'"est er n Nev: YorK had gone ins t ead to western Virginia, they too would ha ve b een gr oping in t he mon ·nt ::: i ns t oday . 11 (.QQ.) Ev en illitei'acy he.s its com1') ensations . Extraordinarily ret entive memory of illiter;:; t.eR ., Nortl1. Carolina has the unenviable di sti nction tl1at , as regards its native white JlOpulation 10 years n f' P ge and up\'ar ds , it is the most illiterate state in the Union. Its percents.ge of such illi ter- • at es i s 19 . 5 , as contr ast ed uith 1. 6 per cent i n the North Atlantic s-tates , 2 . 3cjo in t h e North Centra l O.ivis inn, ~. 7 in the \"·es t , a nd 4 . 6~ in the ~hol e United St ates . However , North Oarolina • s % of ill iterate \7hite8 mrH:' 10 y ear s •.-ras 31 . 7 in 1880, v-rb.i ch sJJ.ov-'s that she i s malcing r api d s trides f orwar d . "Oul. unl e t ter ed white peop l e a r e nat ive .ArJieri c an i n stock, virile i n f aculty c.nd ca1;acity, :free in s:p i r i t , unbrolcen , unc o r!'J 1 1~-f-.P,,.:;. f i t.ted t o l earn, and i.7o r tb.y of t he bes t that their countl"Y and their cen t ury may bring the:.a. u ( ·1Fr:n:J::::. Prob l ems of t he Present s out11. ) 11In -'-.lw mounta inous r egions of the Virgini as , east er·r. T\'-'-r.tucky c:.nd Ten:.fJ.essee , tl1e -:-:ester n parts of t h e Ca r olina s , and t he northern p arts of Georgia and AlabB-·11 !:1-- ?T1 area cont i nenta l i n its i solation a s well as it s di mens ions-- with a ;,·,:hi te ·populat ion ·of more t h"''t! -z ~ 000 : ooo of t ho -yurest a.nd nturdies t Anglo-saxon s tock, there are f ound t oday 20 0 , 000 male illitera t es of vnting age . '!:hi s a r rny of illiterates occu:p · t.~ t he mountain soli tu6.es of Ap:pal achi an America a r e behind , as Mr . Hurl')hy tells u s , not because they are d egene l"ates , bUt beCaUSe t11ey are I t he UJ:1° f.arted" I tt (P1J.i.lli~os , J . H., in Na t 1 1 Educ . As soc . Addresses and Pro c., 1904 . ) See a l RO IGWORANCE. ATTITUDE TO ·: ARD THE OUTJ];R WORLD. ~-k .'/~ 10~ 76~ 770 ILLITERACY IN THE SOUTH To the Editor oj The l\"ew York Times: " I can tell you, perhaps, some of the reasons for the illiteracy In these mountains. For one thing, in this county of 1,020 square miles, there are 269 school houses, 9,000 children of school age, and only thirty miles of paved roads, I have gone with Miss M. when she has examined these schools, the most wretched, dreary, forlorn, filthy places, most of them are. There are no supplies to help a teacher, for a blackboard, perhaps a space of 10 feet of tongued and grooved board, and Is painted a shiny black. The children have text books handed down from father to son, not all In class are allke, making It Impossible to do constructive work. Then where are the teachers to live? Neither In these mountains nor Jh the mining distriCts, Qan they live In the native cabins, nor cat- the food the na tives do. You cannot Imagine it! (Here I must pause to smile, a very slow sad smile, for I was rais ed in just that strata, grew up among just those cabins and I know the struggle to get out). Friends tell me that there a re three schools, closed ' for two years, and no church on Greenbrier Mountain, from White SulphUI' to Anthony, twenty miles, and from Anthony to Alvan, t en miles. I do not know how many people live there. I do not agree with a wealthy fri end of mine, who Is educa ting one miseiona ry for Africa and one for Korea, tha t these people do not want to do better, nor live diCfercntly. It Is not true." This is an excerp t from a letter written n1n by a. t E=>acher in a girl s' sen1jna r y in Virginia . To me it is pjtiful to think th a t th ese peopl e who a re practica lly ou1· only real Amer icans, a re in a s t a te of Illiteracy d ema n<.ling cha rity. ·while I the foreigners ride h orseback ai"Ound White Sulphur, and admire the scenery, these poor Americans s it in their little dirty huts. with the poorest food lma.a~n - able, and sit and sit, In a sort of daze. They. need help, and it Is easily proven that once they get started, once they are awakened, they go a long way. Many of our best known citizens right here 1n this city,' came from those people. Have they forgotten their own people, In their zeal for the starving Belgians, the starving Russians, and so on for hours, all the Europeanc seem o! so much more importance than our own pe~ple. Lincoln would not agree with that. These same ignorant folk did very well !or themselves during the war. They fought rather well for people who are supposed" to lack ambition. Until we have cleaned our own door step, It bf hooves us to let others attend • to theirs. We should attend not only to the Americanization of the aliens, but equally important, the Americanization of the American. After that, If we have time and money :of~. we can go >ebroad and go in tho:: missionary buaincss. Otherwise, how can we have the nerve to offer teachers and preachers to heathen countries, while here under our nose, are thousands and thousands of our own p eople in str>eits as narrow as the peasants of Russia. It Is extremely difficult to get any on.e to believe the sta te of affa irs until they go themselves , or In some way ge t in actual touch with fa cts. Thank God. there still left some few who are doing all that they can and I appca I to the Southern ers righ t ' here in our h ome town t o lend a ha nd and h elp out. by get t ing in t ouch with the Lincoln }.f c~ tnor i a l ·u niv e J~s it y , and the :\'a ncy H a ni<s Indus tri a l Depa•·tm l,lt, at ~a1·rog at e . '"r"f'nn . Do son1cth ing about lt you n1cn and wornen of the South . Arise a nd gi rd yourself a bouL, for tho recons tru ction of your own people. Mrs. SMITH ELY JELLIFFE. New Yorlr, April 4, 1923. 77oa ILLITERACY. AliVE WHITE ILLITERATE WOMEN OUR ~ORGOTTEN WOMEN l !LUTERATE NATIVE WfUTE WOMEN Almost a half-million of Utem in the Twenty-one Years of Age and Over, 1920 and 1850 Censuses United ' States, three-fourths of them east of the Mississippi river, and more than half of t hem in the South Atlantic and East South Central st ates. Nearly The following table, based on the 1920 and 1850 censuses, shows the ·total number of illitel'8te native white women twenty-one years of age and over by states for the respe-ctive census years. 1,200 of these forgotten women are in Aroostook county, Mu.ine, nearly 1,400 in Clinton and F ranklin counties, · New York, 11nd more than 2, 000 in Berks, Lancaster, and York counties, Pi:mnsyl- The 1850 total fo r t he U. S. was 573,234. l The 1920 total for the U. S. was 477,123, nearly: ten percent of whom were i in North Carolina. ! I S~ate ' 1920 1850 . State 1920 185? vania. 1 Alabama . . . . . 26,331. . 20,594 Nebraska . . . . 1,150 . . --- 1 Arizona . . . . . 1,212 . . . -- Nevada . . . ,. . 53 . . .' . -· -- Forty-four thousand of them are in Arkansas . oo . . . 15,632 . . 10,009 New Hampshire. 712 . . . 1,295 North ' Carolina. Nearly forty -three California . . . . 3,579 . . 00. 881 New Jersey . . . . 3,723 . 00 . . 8,241 thousand are in Kentucky-more than I Colorado . . : . . . : . 4,188 . . -- New Mexico . oo . . 13,574:oo . . ll, 751 2,200 in Pike county alone. Twe'nty- Connecticut . . . . 1 ,~4. . 2,702 New York . oo . . . 10,826 . oo . . . 52,115 four thousand in Virginia, almost exact- Delaware . . 00 . . 958 . . 2, 524 North Carolina . . : . 44, 053 . 00 . .47,327 ly half of t hem massed itl. the twenty Floridaoooooo . . 5,242 . 2,123 North Dakota. . . 431. . . -- southwestem counties of the state, Georgia . 25,533 . . . 24,648 Ohio . . . . . . . 13,224 . oo . 38,036 more than a thousand each in Pittsyl- Idaho . oo. . 271. . . -- Oklahoma . oo . ~-- . 10,037 . -- vania, Wise and Buchanan, nearly three Ill inois . . . . 12, 175 . : . . 23,421 Oregon . . . 679. 71 thousan N , 24 : 23.) "The a verage preacher of the mountains i s incl ined o be suspici ous of t he ' b ooK l ar nin • ' which h.e has failed to a c quir e . Rel i gi on itself i s a mel ancholy affair chiefly connected with funerals and secta r ian squabbles. And we t hus have the startling anomaly d f illiter ate Protestants- - A."'11eri cans v.'b.o a:re bel1ind t he times . 11 (~, Revi ew of Reviews , 21: 30l. ) nLike all mou ntain race s , t he s out her n mountaineers are deeply religious . I n s ome communi t ies, r e ligion i s alJout t he only form of rec r eation they have . They are for t he most part Methmdi sts and Baptists- - sometimes Ironsi des f eet - washing Baptis ts . They will wal k , or ride when possible , e i ght or t en miles , and sit all day in a close , w indowl e~s log-cabin on t he f lat s i de of a s l ab supported by pegs , lis t ening to the hi gh- wrought, emotional , and, a t t i mes , unintel l i gi bl e rant i ng of a mountain preacher, wh.ile t he young men sit outside , 1.'1fhi t t ling wi th their Bar lows and huge jack- knives , and s ;;yap:p i ng hor ses and guns . 11 ( E.Qx., Blue- gras s and Rb.ododendron , 21. ) • •t t• R e 11· g2. on J. s a s honestly used t o cloak deviltrt.r as it ever was ~ in t he .Ui cldl e Ages . • A feud leader who had abou t e xt ermi nated the o·ppos i ng :fac t ion, and had made a good :fortune f"or a mountaineer 1.-'rhile doing it, fo r he kep t hi s men bu sy getting out timber w11en they weren• t f i ghting , s aid t o me i n all s e r iousness : • I have trirunphed agin my enemi es time and t ime a gin . The Lord• s on my side , and I gi ts a better and better Christian ev er• year .• A p rea cher , riding down a r avine , came upon an ol d mount aineer ~iding i n t he bushes with hi s rifl e . • What are you doing there , my f r iend? • . 1 Ri de on , s tranger, 1 was the e asy answer. • I • m a- wai t in• J':er " Jim J ohnson, and with the hel p of t 11e Lawd I 'm goin • to b low b.is damn head off .' n ~ ~-sts,; '"fl3~ '13l) Jbo~ ( JiQ_. , 43- 44 . ) .A~ . . ~ "One man said that he was r egarded as a dangerous character in b.i s valley, a sort of freethi nker , a Hlounta.i n I ngersoll perh8.J:1S , because 11.e b.&.d avo-.r:ed hi s doub t s about predest i nation . 11 ( Yi ncerd ,~. E, , in ~er . Journ . of sociology ,4 : 15. ) "The interest of these peop l e i n theolo&,y and cb.urcb. organi zation i s lte en . The 'meetin • ' of fers an opportunity f'or soci abi l ity llardly second to the s ingi ng s chool and tb.e f rolic . " (DQ., l 8 . ) Fondnes s f or di sputat ion abou t dogma : a battle of wits i n ':','h.ic11 t b.e ~mos t pr?fane, sensua l , and i ntemperat e enter with keen gusto and periect s er2ousness . J esse 11Go·aber" . ~ H.J:.~'~i . oo~ ;v;s::., -h O~I.tA-N-.B·S"';"~· ~A~"*,, At-- Yr• IJt$-!., /~"b~ !Co; '7<>f 77i' 7'13~ '71s. P~s-t 771 ' 77'2. PASTOR STOPS TO I SHOOT A JAYBIRD: I SA:\'DERSVILLE, G·a., .fun·' 9.·--! "V. A. \'\rray, pastor of th':l Baptist I church he re, created a mild ssllsa:ion ' t at his Sun•iay morning si:n·v ico> when i he stopped In the m idst of his sor- 1 mon, obtained a shotgun dll<l killed 1 a jay bird that had been fly in;; arou•1! i I t he auditorium a nd singing while the services were in progress. : Mr. Wray announced just o ~ f n re I the congregation sa ng a hymn thal hP would kill the bird if it sang ag:dn. 'rhe moment the congregation :.;~c·n- 1 ped singing the bird began. The preacher immediate ly stopped the services, went to his home near the church, got his rifle. returned to' the I church and took his stand in · the I center of t h e building. He fired onc e., I the bird tumbled to the fioor and services were r esumed a fter the pow-der and smoke had cleared away. ~.J.r,.;t.C. ~· ~ J41 I ''IJ1, . I I ' . I ,I - 2 - RELI GION. "Here they have distinctly degener a tecl. they have lost t he gr eat Protestant i dea th.at a minister nmst be an educated man . I gnorance makes men pos itive , and t11e barriers of ortl1.0c10J\Y hc>.ve been raised t o a very commanding height . The sa111e p os itiveness l eads t o a mul -t i tude of sects , and is reinf orced by the feuda l S1)iri t of' fo llowi ng a par t i san leader . Tl1eological thoE,c:;ht turns up on ~;uch ·9o int s 2.s th.e va lidity of baptism not performed i n running y.,rat e r , B.nd the origin of Melchiz edek. ~ •• The mountai ns seem the natural home of fata lism •••• •If h e •s to d ie , he • s to di e . • And t!.1.is hecrdshell predesti narian t eaching does not b.esi tate to condemn rni csions and sunday - schools 2.s e:.n u n':.·arrantable interference wi th t11.e decrees o:E' the Almighty. rLi teral i nterpretation.] 1 Don• t the Bibl e tell us that t11.e yearth• s got eends , an • f oundations , an• corners? . Let god. be true a nd ev ery man a liz.rt • " ( F:c-ost i n Atlantic Montl1.1y,?3 : 316- 317 . ) "Iie1:j.g ·on i se],.~ is a melan choly affair -:-chiefly co . r.ected v'i th fu 1erals ar. _ secta:r :u:rn -squa.bb1.es ." ( DQ. ) 77J One of those Sltprernely s e f - sat isfied souls wl1.0 --~-a.~- l)Ossesses the only creecl worth. having, rm1s t :.:t@~ dB u s e it as a b ludgeon to knocl· .you down. 5.,.{(.:""' --tc./~ ~.J.,l w/.-. "- ~ · . "FC? ~,. ,{ ~ ~ . -1-~.J ~ ~,' .::.-. )I;::J Vff~; r, _r-.,."-41- r:-- . b ~- ~ )·f:J ,.p.,rl ) ~ .~ ~ e.::t(;)~ .__ ~ -1r~ J- Cl.w( #.:;) f~ ~-• .k.~ ~ ~. ~· {_?am . A.~ #a) ~ REI,ICHOUS EXHOR'fATION . (Bob 1 s mother had s_ippecl upstairs and c aught him ancL me '!)laying 11 set- back . 11 11 Bob , i s t hat the way I brought you up? 11 We gave hei' the deck to destroy , hiding a better one for the next time . Later, Hrs . Bob rel'ort ed to me : ) "Tha:r sot tl1e old. vromern a - readin ' lt.:oody ' s books , and cryin ' , and t elli n ' Bob 11ow he ' d orter live . Bob sot thar pale as a cor-pse-- tt cut 11.im to the gizzard-- a11d soon he \'Tent upstairs lookin 1 lilce a sheep- killin ' dog . 11 - 1 - REI.dGION. - - Fea:r as -a Mo-t,:t-ve~ "A f'riend. of McGready r Ky . revi valist.J said of him that he Tvould ~o a~r'?-y hell before ~he ·\;:;ric ked . that t hey Yl?uld tremb l e and que.ke , J.magJ.nJ.ng a l al~e of fJ.re and brJ.T:J.stone yavn:nng to overwhelm them and the hand of the Almighty thrusting them do•;m the b.orribl e abyss . A.11d it is also recorded of him that • th.e fierceness of his invective derived additional terror from the hideousness of his visage and the thunder of I1is tones .• " (DavenDort., F. M. Primitive Traits, 67. ) l'Jo\'\:b.ere that I 1mow of do we find such frightfully vivid images of sin and hell and the wrath of God as existed in the mind of Puritan mi nister and layman and found ex-pression in tl1.e Puritan 11ymn and sermon and later in the New England theology • ••• Michael Wigglesv, orth• s ' Day of Doom• c hymn 1 was very popul ar in New :E~ng land at this time[l735- 50) . Lowell says of it that it was •the solace of every fireside , tl1.e flicker of tl1.e pine l::.nots by ·l"rh.i ch. it was conned perhaps adding a li ve l y rel ish to its premonitions of eternal combustion.• Thus doth it i mage forth the t ender doctrine of everlasting punishment! ' For clay and night in t11ei 1· despite, Tb.oir torment • s smoke ascendetb .• Their pain and grief have no relief, Their anguish never encleth . Who live to lie in misery And bear eterna l iHOe . And live they must whil e God is just, That li e may -y l agLle them so . • ir (Another, whi ch the author say.s i s also genuine : ) "• My th.oushts on awful subj ect s roll, Damnation and the dead. What llorrors seize a guil ty s oul Upon a dying bed! • u ( DQ. ' 98 ' 99 . ) "With res ~ ect
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