Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries 1,2 . However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world 3 and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have disti...

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Published in:Nature
Main Authors: Taddei, Cristina, Zhou, Bin, Bixby, Honor, Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M., Danaei, Goodarz, Jackson, Rod T., Farzadfar, Farshad, Sophiea, Marisa K., Di Cesare, Mariachiara, Iurilli, Maria Laura Caminia, Martinez, Andrea Rodriguez, Asghari, Golaleh, Dhana, Klodian, Gulayin, Pablo, Kakarmath, Sujay, Santero, Marilina, Voortman, Trudy, Riley, Leanne M., Cowan, Melanie J., Savin, Stefan, Bennett, James E., Stevens, Gretchen A., Paciorek, Christopher J., Aekplakorn, Wichai, Cifkova, Renata, Giampaoli, Simona, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Khang, Young Ho, Kuulasmaa, Kari, Laxmaiah, Avula, Margozzini, Paula, Mathur, Prashant, Nordestgaard, Børge G., Zhao, Dong, Aadahl, Mette, Abarca-Gómez, Leandra, Rahim, Hanan Abdul, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M., Acosta-Cazares, Benjamin, Adams, Robert J., Agdeppa, Imelda A., Aghazadeh-Attari, Javad, Aguilar-Salinas, Carlos A., Agyemang, Charles, Ahluwalia, Tarunveer S., Ahmad, Noor Ani, Ahmadi, Ali, Ahmadi, Naser, Ahmed, Soheir H., Ahrens, Wolfgang, Ajlouni, Kamel, Alarouj, Monira, AlBuhairan, Fadia, AlDhukair, Shahla, Ali, Mohamed M., Alkandari, Abdullah, Alkerwi, Ala’a, Aly, Eman, Amarapurkar, Deepak N., Amouyel, Philippe, Andersen, Lars Bo, Anderssen, Sigmund A., Anjana, Ranjit Mohan, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Aounallah-Skhiri, Hajer, Araújo, Joana, Ariansen, Inger, Aris, Tahir, Arku, Raphael E., Arlappa, Nimmathota, Aryal, Krishna K., Aspelund, Thor, Assunção, Maria Cecília F., Auvinen, Juha, Avdicová, Mária, Azevedo, Ana, Azizi, Fereidoun, Azmin, Mehrdad, Balakrishna, Nagalla, Bamoshmoosh, Mohamed, Banach, Maciej, Bandosz, Piotr, Banegas, José R., Barbagallo, Carlo M., Barceló, Alberto, Barkat, Amina, Bata, Iqbal, Batieha, Anwar M., Batyrbek, Assembekov, Baur, Louise A., Beaglehole, Robert, Belavendra, Antonisamy, Ben Romdhane, Habiba, Benet, Mikhail, Benn, Marianne, Berkinbayev, Salim, Bernabe-Ortiz, Antonio, Bernotiene, Gailute, Bettiol, Heloisa, Bhargava, Santosh K., Bi, Yufang, Bienek, Asako, Bikbov, Mukharram, Bista, Bihungum, Bjerregaard, Peter, Bjertness, Espen, Bjertness, Marius B., Björkelund, Cecilia, Bloch, Katia V., Blokstra, Anneke, Bo, Simona, Boehm, Bernhard O., Boggia, Jose G., Boissonnet, Carlos P., Bonaccio, Marialaura, Bongard, Vanina, Borchini, Rossana, Borghs, Herman, Bovet, Pascal, Brajkovich, Imperia, Breckenkamp, Juergen, Brenner, Hermann, Brewster, Lizzy M., Bruno, Graziella, Bugge, Anna, Busch, Markus A., de León, Antonio Cabrera, Cacciottolo, Joseph, Can, Günay, Cândido, Ana Paula C., Capanzana, Mario V., Capuano, Eduardo, Capuano, Vincenzo, Cardoso, Viviane C., Carvalho, Joana, Casanueva, Felipe F., Censi, Laura, Chadjigeorgiou, Charalambos A., Chamukuttan, Snehalatha, Chaturvedi, Nish, Chen, Chien Jen, Chen, Fangfang, Chen, Shuohua, Cheng, Ching Yu, Cheraghian, Bahman, Chetrit, Angela, Chiou, Shu Ti, Chirlaque, María Dolores, Cho, Belong, Cho, Yumi, Chudek, Jerzy, Claessens, Frank, Clarke, Janine, Clays, Els, Concin, Hans, Confortin, Susana C., Cooper, Cyrus, Costanzo, Simona, Cottel, Dominique, Cowell, Chris, Crujeiras, Ana B., Csilla, Semánová, Cui, Liufu, Cureau, Felipe V., D’Arrigo, Graziella, d’Orsi, Eleonora, Dallongeville, Jean, Damasceno, Albertino, Dankner, Rachel, Dantoft, Thomas M., Dauchet, Luc, Davletov, Kairat, De Backer, Guy, De Bacquer, Dirk, de Gaetano, Giovanni, De Henauw, Stefaan, de Oliveira, Paula Duarte, De Ridder, David, De Smedt, Delphine, Deepa, Mohan, Deev, Alexander D., Dehghan, Abbas, Delisle, Hélène, Dennison, Elaine, Deschamps, Valérie, Dhimal, Meghnath, Di Castelnuovo, Augusto F., Dika, Zivka, Djalalinia, Shirin, Dobson, Annette J., Donfrancesco, Chiara, Donoso, Silvana P., Döring, Angela, Dorobantu, Maria, Dragano, Nico, Drygas, Wojciech, Du, Yong, Duante, Charmaine A., Duda, Rosemary B., Dzerve, Vilnis, Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, Elzbieta, Eddie, Ricky, Eftekhar, Ebrahim, Eggertsen, Robert, Eghtesad, Sareh, Eiben, Gabriele, Ekelund, Ulf, El Ati, Jalila, Eldemire-Shearer, Denise, Eliasen, Marie, Elosua, Roberto, Erasmus, Rajiv T., Erbel, Raimund, Erem, Cihangir, Eriksen, Louise, Eriksson, Johan G., Escobedo-de la Peña, Jorge, Eslami, Saeid, Esmaeili, Ali, Evans, Alun, Faeh, David, Fall, Caroline H., Faramarzi, Elnaz, Farjam, Mojtaba, Fattahi, Mohammad Reza, Felix-Redondo, Francisco J., Ferguson, Trevor S., Fernández-Bergés, Daniel, Ferrante, Daniel, Ferrari, Marika, Ferreccio, Catterina, Ferrieres, Jean, Föger, Bernhard, Foo, Leng Huat, Forslund, Ann Sofie, Forsner, Maria, Fouad, Heba M., Francis, Damian K., do Carmo Franco, Maria, Franco, Oscar H., Frontera, Guillermo, Fujita, Yuki, Fumihiko, Matsuda, Furusawa, Takuro, Gaciong, Zbigniew, Galvano, Fabio, Gao, Jingli, Garcia-de-la-Hera, Manoli, Garnett, Sarah P., Gaspoz, Jean Michel, Gasull, Magda, Gazzinelli, Andrea, Geleijnse, Johanna M., Ghanbari, Ali, Ghasemi, Erfan, Gheorghe-Fronea, Oana Florentina, Ghimire, Anup, Gianfagna, Francesco, Gill, Tiffany K., Giovannelli, Jonathan, Gironella, Glen, Giwercman, Aleksander, Goltzman, David, Gonçalves, Helen, Gonzalez-Chica, David A., Gonzalez-Gross, Marcela, González-Rivas, Juan P., González-Villalpando, Clicerio, González-Villalpando, María Elena, Gonzalez, Angel R., Gottrand, Frederic, Graff-Iversen, Sidsel, Grafnetter, Dušan, Gregor, Ronald D., Grodzicki, Tomasz, Grøntved, Anders, Grosso, Giuseppe, Gruden, Gabriella, Gu, Dongfeng, Guallar-Castillón, Pilar, Guan, Ong Peng, Gudmundsson, Elias F., Gudnason, Vilmundur, Guerrero, Ramiro, Guessous, Idris, Gunnlaugsdottir, Johanna, Gupta, Rajeev, Gutierrez, Laura, Gutzwiller, Felix, Ha, Seongjun, Hadaegh, Farzad, Haghshenas, Rosa, Hakimi, Hamid, Hambleton, Ian R., Hamzeh, Behrooz, Hantunen, Sari, Kumar, Rachakulla Hari, Hashemi-Shahri, Seyed Mohammad, Hata, Jun, Haugsgjerd, Teresa, Hayes, Alison J., He, Jiang, He, Yuna, Hendriks, Marleen Elisabeth, Henriques, Ana, Herrala, Sauli, Heshmat, Ramin, Hill, Allan G., Ho, Sai Yin, Ho, Suzanne C., Hobbs, Michael, Hofman, Albert, Homayounfar, Reza, Hopman, Wilma M., Horimoto, Andrea R.V.R., Hormiga, Claudia M., Horta, Bernardo L., Houti, Leila, Howitt, Christina, Htay, Thein Thein, Htet, Aung Soe, Htike, Maung Maung Than, Huerta, José María, Huhtaniemi, Ilpo Tapani, Huisman, Martijn, Hunsberger, Monica L., Husseini, Abdullatif S., Huybrechts, Inge, Hwalla, Nahla, Iacoviello, Licia, Iannone, Anna G., Ibrahim, Mohsen M., Wong, Norazizah Ibrahim, Iglesia, Iris, Ikeda, Nayu, Ikram, M. Arfan, Iotova, Violeta, Irazola, Vilma E., Ishida, Takafumi, Islam, Muhammad, al-Safi Ismail, Aziz, Iwasaki, Masanori, Jacobs, Jeremy M., Jaddou, Hashem Y., Jafar, Tazeen, James, Kenneth, Jamrozik, Konrad, Janszky, Imre, Janus, Edward, Jarvelin, Marjo Riitta, Jasienska, Grazyna, Jelakovic, Ana, Jelakovic, Bojan, Jennings, Garry, Jensen, Gorm B., Jeong, Seung lyeal, Jha, Anjani Kumar, Jiang, Chao Qiang, Jimenez, Ramon O., Jöckel, Karl Heinz, Joffres, Michel, Jokelainen, Jari J., Jonas, Jost B., Jørgensen, Torben, Joshi, Pradeep, Joukar, Farahnaz, Józwiak, Jacek, Juolevi, Anne, Kafatos, Anthony, Kajantie, Eero O., Kalter-Leibovici, Ofra, Kamaruddin, Nor Azmi, Kamstrup, Pia R., Karki, Khem B., Katz, Joanne, Kauhanen, Jussi, Kaur, Prabhdeep, Kavousi, Maryam, Kazakbaeva, Gyulli, Keil, Ulrich, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, Sirkka, Kelishadi, Roya, Keramati, Maryam, Kerimkulova, Alina, Kersting, Mathilde, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalili, Davood, Khateeb, Mohammad, Kheradmand, Motahareh, Khosravi, Alireza, Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, Ursula, Kiechl, Stefan, Killewo, Japhet, Kim, Hyeon Chang, Kim, Jeongseon, Kim, Yeon Yong, Klumbiene, Jurate, Knoflach, Michael, Ko, Stephanie, Kohler, Hans Peter, Kohler, Iliana V., Kolle, Elin, Kolsteren, Patrick, König, Jürgen, Korpelainen, Raija, Korrovits, Paul, Kos, Jelena, Koskinen, Seppo, Kouda, Katsuyasu, Kowlessur, Sudhir, Kratzer, Wolfgang, Kriemler, Susi, Kristensen, Peter Lund, Krokstad, Steiner, Kromhout, Daan, Kujala, Urho M., Kurjata, Pawel, Kyobutungi, Catherine, Laamiri, Fatima Zahra, Laatikainen, Tiina, Lachat, Carl, Laid, Youcef, Lam, Tai Hing, Lambrinou, Christina Paulina, Lanska, Vera, Lappas, Georg, Larijani, Bagher, Latt, Tint Swe, Laugsand, Lars E., Lazo-Porras, Maria, Lee, Jeannette, Lee, Jeonghee, Lehmann, Nils, Lehtimäki, Terho, Levitt, Naomi S., Li, Yanping, Lilly, Christa L., Lim, Wei Yen, Lima-Costa, M. Fernanda, Lin, Hsien Ho, Lin, Xu, Lin, Yi Ting, Lind, Lars, Linneberg, Allan, Lissner, Lauren, Liu, Jing, Loit, Helle Mai, Lopez-Garcia, Esther, Lopez, Tania, Lotufo, Paulo A., Lozano, José Eugenio, Luksiene, Dalia, Lundqvist, Annamari, Lundqvist, Robert, Lunet, Nuno, Ma, Guansheng, Machado-Coelho, George L.L., Machado-Rodrigues, Aristides M., Machi, Suka, Madar, Ahmed A., Maggi, Stefania, Magliano, Dianna J., Magriplis, Emmanuella, Mahasampath, Gowri, Maire, Bernard, Makdisse, Marcia, Malekzadeh, Fatemeh, Malekzadeh, Reza, Rao, Kodavanti Mallikharjuna, Manios, Yannis, Mann, Jim I., Mansour-Ghanaei, Fariborz, Manzato, Enzo, Marques-Vidal, Pedro, Martorell, Reynaldo, Mascarenhas, Luis P., Mathiesen, Ellisiv B., Matsha, Tandi E., Mavrogianni, Christina, McFarlane, Shelly R., McGarvey, Stephen T., McLachlan, Stela, McLean, Rachael M., McLean, Scott B., McNulty, Breige A., Mediene-Benchekor, Sounnia, Mehdipour, Parinaz, Mehlig, Kirsten, Mehrparvar, Amir Houshang, Meirhaeghe, Aline, Meisinger, Christa, Menezes, Ana Maria B., Menon, Geetha R., Merat, Shahin, Mereke, Alibek, Meshram, Indrapal I., Metcalf, Patricia, Meyer, Haakon E., Mi, Jie, Michels, Nathalie, Miller, Jody C., Minderico, Cláudia S., Mini, G. K., Miquel, Juan Francisco, Miranda, J. Jaime, Mirjalili, Mohammad Reza, Mirrakhimov, Erkin, Modesti, Pietro A., Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi, Mohajer, Bahram, Mohamed, Mostafa K., Mohammad, Kazem, Mohammadi, Zahra, Mohammadifard, Noushin, Mohammadpourhodki, Reza, Mohan, Viswanathan, Mohanna, Salim, Yusoff, Muhammad Fadhli Mohd, Mohebbi, Iraj, Mohebi, Farnam, Moitry, Marie, Møllehave, Line T., Møller, Niels C., Molnár, Dénes, Momenan, Amirabbas, Mondo, Charles K., Monterrubio-Flores, Eric, Moosazadeh, Mahmood, Morejon, Alain, Moreno, Luis A., Morgan, Karen, Morin, Suzanne N., Moschonis, George, Mossakowska, Malgorzata, Mostafa, Aya, Mota, Jorge, Motlagh, Mohammad Esmaeel, Motta, Jorge, Msyamboza, Kelias P., Muiesan, Maria L., Müller-Nurasyid, Martina, Mursu, Jaakko, Mustafa, Norlaila, Nabipour, Iraj, Naderimagham, Shohreh, Nagel, Gabriele, Naidu, Balkish M., Najafi, Farid, Nakamura, Harunobu, Námešná, Jana, Nang, Ei Ei K., Nangia, Vinay B., Nauck, Matthias, Neal, William A., Nejatizadeh, Azim, Nenko, Ilona, Nervi, Flavio, Nguyen, Nguyen D., Nguyen, Quang Ngoc, Nieto-Martínez, Ramfis E., Nihal, Thomas, Niiranen, Teemu J., Ning, Guang, Ninomiya, Toshiharu, Noale, Marianna, Noboa, Oscar A., Noto, Davide, Nsour, Mohannad Al, Nuhoğlu, Irfan, O’Neill, Terence W., O’Reilly, Dermot, Ochoa-Avilés, Angélica M., Oh, Kyungwon, Ohtsuka, Ryutaro, Olafsson, Örn, Olié, Valérie, Oliveira, Isabel O., Omar, Mohd Azahadi, Onat, Altan, Ong, Sok King, Ordunez, Pedro, Ornelas, Rui, Ortiz, Pedro J., Osmond, Clive, Ostojic, Sergej M., Ostovar, Afshin, Otero, Johanna A., Owusu-Dabo, Ellis, Paccaud, Fred Michel, Pahomova, Elena, Pajak, Andrzej, Palmieri, Luigi, Pan, Wen Harn, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Panza, Francesco, Parnell, Winsome R., Patel, Nikhil D., Peer, Nasheeta, Peixoto, Sergio Viana, Peltonen, Markku, Pereira, Alexandre C., Peters, Annette, Petersmann, Astrid, Petkeviciene, Janina, Peykari, Niloofar, Pham, Son Thai, Pichardo, Rafael N., Pigeot, Iris, Pilav, Aida, Pilotto, Lorenza, Piwonska, Aleksandra, Pizarro, Andreia N., Plans-Rubió, Pedro, Plata, Silvia, Pohlabeln, Hermann, Porta, Miquel, Portegies, Marileen L.P., Poudyal, Anil, Pourfarzi, Farhad, Poustchi, Hossein, Pradeepa, Rajendra, Price, Jacqueline F., Providencia, Rui, Puder, Jardena J., Puhakka, Soile E., Punab, Margus, Qorbani, Mostafa, Bao, Tran Quoc, Radisauskas, Ricardas, Rahimikazerooni, Salar, Raitakari, Olli, Rao, Sudha Ramachandra, Ramachandran, Ambady, Ramos, Elisabete, Ramos, Rafel, Rampal, Lekhraj, Rampal, Sanjay, Redon, Josep, Reganit, Paul Ferdinand M., Revilla, Luis, Rezaianzadeh, Abbas, Ribeiro, Robespierre, Richter, Adrian, Rigo, Fernando, Rinke de Wit, Tobias F., Rodríguez-Artalejo, Fernando, del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez, María, Rodríguez-Villamizar, Laura A., Roggenbuck, Ulla, Rojas-Martinez, Rosalba, Romaguera, Dora, Romeo, Elisabetta L., Rosengren, Annika, Roy, Joel G.R., Rubinstein, Adolfo, Ruidavets, Jean Bernard, Ruiz-Betancourt, Blanca Sandra, Russo, Paola, Rust, Petra, Rutkowski, Marcin, Sabanayagam, Charumathi, Sachdev, Harshpal S., Sadjadi, Alireza, Safarpour, Ali Reza, Safiri, Saeid, Saidi, Olfa, Saki, Nader, Salanave, Benoit, Salmerón, Diego, Salomaa, Veikko, Salonen, Jukka T., Salvetti, Massimo, Sánchez-Abanto, Jose, Sans, Susana, Santaliestra-Pasías, Alba M., Santos, Diana A., Santos, Maria Paula, Santos, Rute, Saramies, Jouko L., Sardinha, Luis B., Sarrafzadegan, Nizal, Saum, Kai Uwe, Savva, Savvas C., Sawada, Norie, Sbaraini, Mariana, Scazufca, Marcia, Schaan, Beatriz D., Schargrodsky, Herman, Scheidt-Nave, Christa, Schienkiewitz, Anja, Schipf, Sabine, Schmidt, Carsten O., Schöttker, Ben, Schramm, Sara, Sebert, Sylvain, Sein, Aye Aye, Sen, Abhijit, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Servais, Jennifer, Shakeri, Ramin, Shalnova, Svetlana A., Shamah-Levy, Teresa, Sharafkhah, Maryam, Sharma, Sanjib K., Shaw, Jonathan E., Shayanrad, Amaneh, Shi, Zumin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shimizu-Furusawa, Hana, Shin, Dong Wook, Shin, Youchan, Shirani, Majid, Shiri, Rahman, Shrestha, Namuna, Si-Ramlee, Khairil, Siani, Alfonso, Siantar, Rosalynn, Sibai, Abla M., Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Simon, Mary, Simons, Judith, Simons, Leon A., Sjöström, Michael, Skaaby, Tea, Slowikowska-Hilczer, Jolanta, Slusarczyk, Przemyslaw, Smeeth, Liam, Snijder, Marieke B., Söderberg, Stefan, Soemantri, Agustinus, Sofat, Reecha, Solfrizzi, Vincenzo, Somi, Mohammad Hossein, Sonestedt, Emily, Sørensen, Thorkild I.A., Jérome, Charles Sossa, Soumaré, Aïcha, Sozmen, Kaan, Sparrenberger, Karen, Staessen, Jan A., Stathopoulou, Maria G., Stavreski, Bill, Steene-Johannessen, Jostein, Stehle, Peter, Stein, Aryeh D., Stessman, Jochanan, Stevanović, Ranko, Stieber, Jutta, Stöckl, Doris, Stokwiszewski, Jakub, Stronks, Karien, Strufaldi, Maria Wany, Suárez-Medina, Ramón, Sun, Chien An, Sundström, Johan, Suriyawongpaisal, Paibul, Sy, Rody G., Sylva, René Charles, Szklo, Moyses, Tai, E. 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R., Thijs, Lutgarde, Thuesen, Betina H., Toft, Ulla, Tolonen, Hanna K., Tolstrup, Janne S., Topbas, Murat, Topór-Madry, Roman, Tormo, María José, Tornaritis, Michael J., Torrent, Maties, Torres-Collado, Laura, Traissac, Pierre, Trinh, Oanh T.H., Truthmann, Julia, Tsugane, Shoichiro, Tulloch-Reid, Marshall K., Tuomainen, Tomi Pekka, Tuomilehto, Jaakko, Tybjaerg-Hansen, Anne, Tzourio, Christophe, Ueda, Peter, Ugel, Eunice, Ulmer, Hanno, Unal, Belgin, Uusitalo, Hannu M.T., Valdivia, Gonzalo, Valvi, Damaskini, van Dam, Rob M., van der Schouw, Yvonne T., Van Herck, Koen, Van Minh, Hoang, van Rossem, Lenie, Van Schoor, Natasja M., van Valkengoed, Irene G.M., Vanderschueren, Dirk, Vanuzzo, Diego, Varbo, Anette, Varona-Pérez, Patricia, Vasan, Senthil K., Vatten, Lars, Vega, Tomas, Veidebaum, Toomas, Velasquez-Melendez, Gustavo, Venero-Fernández, Silvia J., Veronesi, Giovanni, Verschuren, W. 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Goya, Wedderkopp, Niels, Wei, Wenbin, Whincup, Peter H., Widhalm, Kurt, Widyahening, Indah S., Wiecek, Andrzej, Wijga, Alet H., Wilks, Rainford J., Willeit, Johann, Willeit, Peter, Wilsgaard, Tom, Wojtyniak, Bogdan, Wong-McClure, Roy A., Wong, Andrew, Wong, Tien Yin, Woo, Jean, Woodward, Mark, Wu, Frederick C., Wu, Shouling, Xu, Haiquan, Xu, Liang, Yan, Weili, Yang, Xiaoguang, Yasuharu, Tabara, Ye, Xingwang, Yeow, Toh Peng, Yiallouros, Panayiotis K., Yoosefi, Moein, Yoshihara, Akihiro, You, San Lin, Younger-Coleman, Novie O., Yusoff, Ahmad Faudzi, Zainuddin, Ahmad A., Zakavi, Seyed Rasoul, Zali, Mohammad Reza, Zamani, Farhad, Zambon, Sabina, Zampelas, Antonis, Zaw, Ko Ko, Zdrojewski, Tomasz, Vrkic, Tajana Zeljkovic, Zhang, Zhen Yu, Zhao, Wenhua, Zhen, Shiqi, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zholdin, Bekbolat, Zhussupov, Baurzhan, Zoghlami, Nada, Cisneros, Julio Zuñiga, Gregg, Edward W., Ezzati, Majid
Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
Language:English
Published: 2020
Subjects:
Online Access:https://research.vumc.nl/en/publications/c67af805-4aea-4636-9718-3cbd986dfcb3
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2338-1
http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85085994877&partnerID=8YFLogxK
Description
Summary:High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries 1,2 . However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world 3 and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health 4,5 . However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol—which is a marker of cardiovascular risk—changed from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million–4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment ...