Resolution enhancement of SMOS brightness temperatures: application to melt detection on the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets

• Main Authors: Zeiger, Pierre, Picard, Ghislain, Richaume, Philippe, Mialon, Arnaud, Rodriguez-Fernandez, Nemesio
• Other Authors: Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales Toulouse (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales Toulouse (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), CNES TOSCA SMOS-TE, SMOS-HR
• Format: Report
• Language: English
• Published: HAL CCSD 2024
• Subjects: SMOS; melt; Antarctica; Greenland; resolution enhancement; rSIR; [SDU.STU.GL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Glaciology; Antarc*; Antarctic; Ice Sheet; Ice Shelves
• Online Access: https://cnrs.hal.science/hal-04623759; https://cnrs.hal.science/hal-04623759/document; https://cnrs.hal.science/hal-04623759/file/SMOS_Resolution_Enhancement_submission.pdf

A large part of the surface of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) and the margins of Antarctica are melting every summer, affecting their surface mass balance. Wet/dry snow status has been detected for decades using the peaks of brightness temperature at 19 GHz, and more recently at L-band (1.4 GHz) using both the SMOS and SMAP missions. SMOS owns a longer time series than SMAP with data since 2010, but the 52.5° incidence bin in the Level 3 (L3) product from Centre Aval de Traitement des Données SMOS (CATDS) that was previously used to detect melt suffers from a coarse spatial resolution. For this reason, we developed a new SMOS enhanced resolution brightness temperature (TB) product building on the radiometer version of the Scatterometter Image Reconstruction (rSIR) algorithm. We also exploited the SMOS L1C observations near 40° incidence angle instead of 52.5° as the native spatial resolution of SMOS is better at low incidence. The new product is posted on a 12.5 km polar stereographic grid and covers all the GrIS and Antarctica for 2010-2024 with twice-daily morning and afternoon acquisitions. The spatial resolution was evaluated to ~30 km, a 30% enhancement compared to the SMOS L3TB at 40° and almost a 50% enhancement compared to the SMOS L3TB at 52.5°. Then, we applied a melt detection algorithm to both the enhanced resolution product at 40° and the L3TB product at 52.5° which is used in the literature. The spatial resolution enhancement results not only in the detection of smaller melt regions but also in a widespread increase in the annual number of melt days. This increase is larger than 30 days per year in the GrIS percolation area and on multiple Antarctic ice shelves. This is primarily due to the mix of dry and wet snow regions near the ice shelves grounding line, resulting in lower brightness temperature peaks in the SMOS L3TB product due to a large power spread. These findings highlight the dependence of melt detection in particular, and geophysical applications in general, on the spatial resolution of ...