| Summary: | The results of long-term studies of the history of the plant ecosystems formation during the Holocene on the territory from the South to the Polar Urals are examined. The main method of investigation was the palynological analysis of peat bog deposits. The following regularities are established. In the Late Glacial throughout the Urals, forestless grass and shrub vegetation predominated. At the same time refugia of wood flora existed in the western foothills of the Southern and Middle Urals, which, with the warming in the Holocene, spread north and east, forming taiga forests in the region. The pioneer of afforestation was larch, followed by spruce and birch, later - pine, fir and broad-leaved tree. The leading factor in the development of vegetation formations during the Holocene was global climate change. The synchronous composition of plant communities was different in the latitudinal and altitudinal gradient. Against the background of the tendency of directed warming in the first half of the Holocene, successive changes in forest formations are distinguished in the regional vegetation of the Middle Urals: spruce-larch woodlands and pine-birch forests in the Early Holocene (8–11 ka), mixed broadleaf-coniferous forests in the Middle Holocene (4,2–8,2 ka). In the Northern and Subpolar Urals south-taiga forests were growing at this time, and in the modern forest-tundra of the Polar Urals and in the Southern Yamal the middle and north-taiga forests were formed. In the Late Holocene, a directed cooling began, a decrease in the participation of spruce, a gradual loss of the nemoral component from the composition of forests, and the formation of modern zonal vegetation. Работа выполнена в рамках бюджетного финансирования по теме «Экология организмов и сообществ». Номер гос. регистрации: АААА-А17-117072810009-8.
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