Biomineral shell formation under ocean acidification: A shift from order to chaos

Biomineral production in marine organisms employs transient phases of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) in the construction of crystalline shells. Increasing seawater pCO2 leads to ocean acidification (OA) with a reduction in oceanic carbonate concentration which could have a negative impact on shel...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Scientific Reports
Main Authors: Fitzer, Susan, Chung, Peter, Maccherozzi, Francesco, Dhesi, Sarnjeet S, Kamenos, Nicholas A, Phoenix, Vernon R, Cusack, Maggie
Other Authors: Institute of Aquaculture, University of Glasgow, Diamond Light Source, Biological and Environmental Sciences, orcid:0000-0003-3556-7624, orcid:0000-0003-0145-1180
Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
Language:English
Published: Springer Nature 2016
Subjects:
Geochemistry
Marine biology
Structural geology
Ocean acidification
Online Access:http://hdl.handle.net/1893/24769
https://doi.org/10.1038/srep21076
http://dspace.stir.ac.uk/bitstream/1893/24769/1/srep21076%20%281%29.pdf
Description
Summary:Biomineral production in marine organisms employs transient phases of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) in the construction of crystalline shells. Increasing seawater pCO2 leads to ocean acidification (OA) with a reduction in oceanic carbonate concentration which could have a negative impact on shell formation and therefore survival. We demonstrate significant changes in the hydrated and dehydrated forms of ACC in the aragonite and calcite layers of Mytilus edulis shells cultured under acidification conditions (1000 μatm pCO2) compared to present day conditions (380 μatm pCO2). In OA conditions, Mytilus edulis has more ACC at crystalisation sites. Here, we use the high-spatial resolution of synchrotron X-ray Photo Emission Electron Microscopy (XPEEM) combined with X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) to investigate the influence of OA on the ACC formation in the shells of adult Mytilus edulis. Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) confirms that OA reduces crystallographic control of shell formation. The results demonstrate that OA induces more ACC formation and less crystallographic control in mussels suggesting that ACC is used as a repair mechanism to combat shell damage under OA. However, the resultant reduced crystallographic control in mussels raises concerns for shell protective function under predation and changing environments. © 2016, Nature Publishing Group. All rights reserved.

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