| Summary: | The Arctic has great significance in relation to the exploration and exploitation of its huge petroleum resources. Seismic surveys are the key part of petroleum exploration. Reflected sound waves are used to produce a 3D subsurface geological model, which helps to take a decision on drilling location for potential hydrocarbon resources. Seismic surveys are very complex operations, and growing energy demand pushes exploration activities into highly challenging environments, for example areas covered with surface ice, which necessitate exceptionally sophisticated approaches. We have carried out state-of-the-art studies on the use of unmanned aerial systems and autonomous underwater vehicles during seismic data acquisition procedures in such environments. Our conclusion is that both of these techniques are highly relevant for all stages of seismic operations offshore. We have also studied the possible effects on marine life from the sound waves, which are introduced during these surveys. We have found that great caution must be exercised in whale’s habitat; and recommend further studies on the direct effects. publishedVersion
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