| Summary: | Abstract The increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity parallels the increase in physical inactivity and sedentary lifestyle, and leads to the worsening of cardiorespiratory fitness. Both overweight and physical inactivity are recognised risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, but the independent effects of cardiorespiratory fitness and obesity on cardiovascular risk factors remain debated. Lifestyle interventions are the key treatment for overweight and obesity. There are however, limited data from large population-based studies on the efficacy of exercise in modifying cardiovascular risk factors in young adults. Many of the mechanisms underlying the changes in body composition and metabolism achieved by exercise interventions are not well understood. The role of adipokines, and particularly unacylated ghrelin has been proposed in relation to changes in glucose metabolism. Individuals also vary in their response to exercise, which is, at least in part, explained by genetic factors. Improved understanding of the gene-exercise interaction is needed for the development of more targeted intervention strategies. In Finland, military service is compulsory for men. Military service includes large amounts of physical exercise but no dietary restriction. The current study evaluated the health benefits of exercise in young men attending military service in the Sodankylä Jaeger Brigade from 2005 to 2006 (N=1,112, mean age 19.2 years). Changes in endurance and strength performance, body composition, cardiometabolic risk factors and unacylated ghrelin levels were recorded at the beginning and end of the military service (6 to 12 months follow-up). Improvement in cardiometabolic risk factors was observed with improved exercise performance, an association which was attributable to changes in weight and waist circumference. Increase in unacylated ghrelin level was associated with beneficial changes in body composition and fat distribution, as well as in ...
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