| Summary: | The profiles presented in this chapter are drawn form four countries - Australia, Iceland, India and South Africa - that differ not only in their geographic specificities, demographic characteristics, economic resources, and international competitive abilities but also in their political histories and in the trajectories of their higher education systems. For each of these countries, we have elucidated and exemplified the challenge of, and responses to, the forces of globalization outlined elsewhere in this volume. Australia, for example, is already offering doctoral education as a commodity on a global scale, and India is emerging as one of the fastest-growing economies offering a high-quality environment for industries and research in niche areas, whereas Iceland, a country small in size but large in research potential, is both cooperating and competing internationally while South Africa, which has entered the field late, is engaged simultaneously in nation building and capacity enhancement of its universities and research centers. Given that globalization is a pervasive force in all four of those countries, we ask in this chapter both how globalization is manifested in their systems of doctoral education and what impacts globalization has had on their doctoral education systems.
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