Manchu Influence on modern Beijing Dialect : A comparative study of language contact between Manchu and modern Beijing dialect

• Main Author: Liu, Keyou
• Other Authors: Centre de Recherches Linguistiques sur l'Asie Orientale (CRLAO), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales (Inalco)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales- INALCO PARIS - LANGUES O', Dan Xu
• Format: Doctoral or Postdoctoral Thesis
• Language: French
• Published: HAL CCSD 2021
• Subjects: Modern Beijing dialect; Manchu language; Sinitic languages; Tungusic languages; Language transfer; Bilingualism; Loanword; Qing dynasty; Chinese; Pékinois moderne; Mandchou; Langues sinitiques; Langues toungouses; Interférence linguistique; Bilinguisme; Emprunt lexical; Dynastie Qing; Chinois; [SHS.LANGUE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Linguistics; Toungouse*
• Online Access: https://theses.hal.science/tel-03579813; https://theses.hal.science/tel-03579813/document; https://theses.hal.science/tel-03579813/file/LIU_Keyou_vavd.pdf

This dissertation explores the language contact between the modern Beijing dialect, a dialect used in and near Beijing, and Manchu, who is currently “critically endangered” according to UNESCO. These two languages intensely interacted and influenced each other in Beijing during the Qing dynasty (1644-1912). Their contact triggered a decline in the usage of Manchu, and gave birth to the contemporary Beijing dialect, based on which Standard Chinese (Putonghua) was developed. The influence of Manchu on the modern Beijing dialect is the core of our research. After an updated description of the linguistic contact between these two languages, we provide a diachronic and comparative analysis of their relationship using an enriched corpus. Our study aims at examining the different ways in which the Manchu vocabulary entered modern Beijing dialect and at tracing the development of loanwords from Manchu in the modern Beijing dialect. Based on 96 concrete examples, we analyse phonetic transcription, transliteration and bilingual composition to uncover the integration of Manchu loanwords into the modern Beijing dialect. Different borrowing chains are also identified to showcase some previous language contacts between the spoken language in Beijing and the Mongolian language, or the Jurchen language. Subsequently, we develop four case studies to illustrate the importance of Manchu's influence on the modern Beijing dialect. Some of loanwords from Manchu have been kept in the contemporary Beijing dialect and have become some of its defining characteristics. Dans le contexte du contact des langues, le pékinois moderne, un dialecte utilisé à Pékin et dans ses alentours, et la langue mandchoue, une langue « en voie de disparition » selon la définition de l’UNESCO, ont interagi à Pékin au cours de la dynastie des Qing (1644-1912). Leur interaction a conduit au déclin du mandchou en faveur du pékinois et a par la suite donné naissance au pékinois contemporain, sur la base duquel le mandarin standard (Putonghua) s'est construit. ...