?Mixing and Transformation in a Deep Western Boundary Current: A Case Study

• Published in: Journal of Physical Oceanography
• Main Authors: Spingys, Carl P., Naveira Garabato, Alberto C., Legg, Sonya, Polzin, Kurt L., Abrahamsen, E. Povl, Buckingham, Christian E., Forryan, Alexander, Frajka-Williams, Eleanor E.
• Other Authors: Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: HAL CCSD 2021
• Subjects: [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]; [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography; Southern Ocean
• Online Access: https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-03683270; https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-03683270/document; https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-03683270/file/%5B15200485%20-%20Journal%20of%20Physical%20Oceanography%5D%20Mixing%20and%20Transformation%20in%20a%20Deep%20Western%20Boundary%20Current%20A%20Case%20Study.pdf; https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-20-0132.1

International audience Water-mass transformation by turbulent mixing is a key part of the deep-ocean overturning, as it drives the upwelling of dense waters formed at high latitudes. Here, we quantify this transformation and its underpinning processes in a small Southern Ocean basin: the Orkney Deep. Observations reveal a focusing of the transport in density space as a deep western boundary current (DWBC) flows through the region, associated with lightening and densification of the current's denser and lighter layers, respectively. These transformations are driven by vigorous turbulent mixing. Comparing this transformation with measurements of the rate of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation indicates that, within the DWBC, turbulence operates with a high mixing efficiency, characterized by a dissipation ratio of 0.6 to 1 that exceeds the common value of 0.2. This result is corroborated by estimates of the dissipation ratio from microstructure observations. The causes of the transformation are unraveled through a decomposition into contributions dependent on the gradients in density space of the: dianeutral mixing rate, isoneutral area, and stratification. The transformation is found to be primarily driven by strong turbulence acting on an abrupt transition from the weakly stratified bottom boundary layer to well-stratified off-boundary waters. The reduced boundary layer stratification is generated by a downslope Ekman flow associated with the DWBC's flow along sloping topography, and is further regulated by submesoscale instabilities acting to restratify near-boundary waters. Our results provide observational evidence endorsing the importance of near-boundary mixing processes to deep-ocean overturning, and highlight the role of DWBCs as hot spots of dianeutral upwelling.