| Summary: | Wildlife-train collisions are a widespread issue, leading to significant costs to society, reduced animal welfare and potential impacts on species' population sizes. Understanding how ungulates respond to oncoming trains and what affects their detectability is crucial for developing effective mitigation strategies. Building upon the work of Bhardwaj et al. (2022), this study investigates how various factors influence flight behaviour in fallow deer (Dama dama), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and moose (Alces alces), as well as wildlife detection from the train driver's perspective. By utilizing films from driver-activated scare systems (DASS) mounted on the front windshield of trains on Norwegian and Swedish railways, this study offers insights into both wildlife reactions and the viewpoints of train drivers. Based on approximately 1000 observations of ungulates, each individual encounter with trains was analysed in relation to railway features, train speed, the train driver’s use of typhoon warning, the ungulates’ location within the terrain and biotic and abiotic factors in the surrounding landscape of the railway. Detection distance and flight initiation distance (FID) was calculated based on the video footage. The results showed that with increasing distance from the railway tracks, ungulates in total were less likely to flee from an approaching train and more likely to increase their FID. Generally, there was a higher probability of flight when the typhoon was used to warn the ungulates, but the effect of this signal was not significant in any of the separate analyses on each species alone. There was also a higher likelihood of flight during dusk/dawn. Flight behaviour of fallow deer was significantly influenced by herd size, with a greater likelihood of flight in smaller groups separated from a large herd. In contrast to roe deer and fallow deer, moose were significantly affected by train speed, with flight likelihood and FID decreasing with increasing speed. All species showed a significantly higher ...
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