MEDNARODNOPRAVNA UREDITEV KITOLOVA

• Main Author: Hudin, Klara
• Other Authors: Tratnik, Matjaž
• Format: Bachelor Thesis
• Language: Slovenian
• Published: [K. Hudin] 2015
• Subjects: kitolov; Mednarodna konvencija o ureditvi kitolova; Mednarodna komisija za kitolov; Ferski otoki; Norveška; Japonska; kiti v ujetništvu; whaling; International Convention for the regulation of whaling; International Whaling Commission; Faroe Islands; Norway; Japan; whales in captivity; info:eu-repo/classification/udc/341.232.2(043.2); Lovi; Iceland
• Online Access: https://dk.um.si/IzpisGradiva.php?id=55303; https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?id=82609&dn=; http://www.cobiss.si/scripts/cobiss?command=DISPLAY&base=cobib&rid=4999467&fmt=11

Kiti veljajo za izredno pomemben del morskega ekosistema, obenem pa so naravni pokazatelji stanja morskega okolja. Čeprav jih človek lovi že tisočletja zaradi mesa in olja, je kitolov postal pomembna gospodarska panoga šele v devetnajstem stoletju, ko sta povečana industrializacija in urbanizacija ustvarili potrebo po olju za razsvetljavo, ki se ga je dalo izdelati iz kitove masti. Z napredkom tehnologije in povečanim povpraševanjem je ulov daleč presegel stabilno populacijo kitov. Drastično zmanjšanje populacij številnih vrst kitov in vedno večje priznavanje njihove inteligence in socialne narave je privedlo do poziva k ureditvi ulovnih kvot in k ustanovitvi Mednarodne komisije za kitolov (IWC). IWC je uvedla prepoved komercialnega kitolova leta 1982, ki je v veljavi od leta 1986, saj so se mnoge vrste kitov znašle na robu preživetja. V pričujočem diplomskem delu se bomo osredotočili na globalno ureditev kitolova, predvsem na vlogo Mednarodne komisije za kitolov, ki se od svoje ustanovitve dalje še vedno sooča z določenimi neuspehi. Neučinkovito izvajanje prepovedi zaradi pridržkov in ugovorov posameznih držav ter neustrezna ureditev kitolova v znanstvene namene, ki se izvaja izven katerega koli ustreznega mednarodnega regulativnega okvira upravljanja, namreč resno ogrožajo doseganje ciljev moratorija na komercialni kitolov. Zaradi velikega obsega takih izjem moratorij praktično nima nobenega učinka na politiko kitolova na Japonskem, Norveškem in v Islandiji. Še posebej problematično je vprašanje malih kitov in delfinov, ki niso deležni večje podpore v mednarodni politiki. Področje mednarodnopravne ureditve kitolova je zanimivo tudi za Slovenijo, saj je od leta 2006 pogodbenica Mednarodne konvencije o ureditvi kitolova, prav tako pa je leta 2014 gostila zasedanje IWC. Whales represent an extremely important part of the marine ecosystem, as they are immediate indicators of natural state of the marine environment. Even though the man has hunted whales for thousands of years mostly because of their meat and oil, whaling became an important industry only recently, i.e. in the 19th century, when the increased industrialization and urbanization have created the need for lightning oil, made from whalebone fats. With the progress of technology and the increasing demand, catches exceeded the stable population of whales by far. Drastically reduced populations of many whale species and increasing recognition of their intelligence and social nature has led to setting catch limits for commercial whaling and the establishment of the International Whaling Commission (IWC). The IWC established a moratorium on commercial whaling in 1982, which became effective in 1986, because many of whale species were hunted to the brink of extinction. This thesis will focus on the legal structure of the whaling issue and the global protection of whales, especially on the role of the International Whaling Commission. Since its existence, the IWC has faced many failures with the amendment of International Convention for regulation of whaling: ineffective implementation of the moratorium due to reservations and objections, as well as inadequate regulation of scientific whaling, which is carried out outside any adequate international management regulatory framework. Due to a large volume of such exceptions, the moratorium practically had no effect on the whaling policy of Japan, Norway and Iceland. Particularly problematic is the issue of small cetaceans, which are less known whale species and consequently less protected by intergovernmental fora. The field of international regulation of whaling is also interesting topic for Slovenia. In 2006, Slovenia signed the International Convention for the regulation of whaling and hosted the 65th meeting of the IWC in 2014.