Kupčeva pravica do razdora pogodbe po Konvenciji Združenih narodov o pogodbah o mednarodni prodaji blaga - analiza sodne prakse

• Main Author: Carević, Barbara
• Other Authors: Tratnik, Matjaž
• Format: Bachelor Thesis
• Language: Slovenian
• Published: Barbara Carević 2010
• Subjects: CISG; kršitve pogodbenih obveznosti; razdor pogodbe; bistvena kršitev; breaches of contractual obligations; avoidance of the contract; fundamental breach; info:eu-repo/classification/udc/34(043.2); Razdor; sami
• Online Access: https://dk.um.si/IzpisGradiva.php?id=17083; https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?id=19718&dn=; https://plus.si.cobiss.net/opac7/bib/4169515?lang=sl

Razdor je po svoji vsebini najostrejša sankcija, ki je kupcu na voljo, zaradi prodajalčeve kršitve. Osnovna posledica razdora je prenehanje vseh obveznosti, ki so bile predmet pogodbe. Poskuša se vzpostaviti stanje, kot da med strankama ni prišlo do poslovnega odnosa. Nobene druge sankcije, kot so na primer izpolnitveni zahtevek, zahtevek za znižanje cene, odškodnina, nimajo tako prodornih učinkov. Po CISG je razdor pogodbe enostranska pravica kupca, da razdre pogodbo, zgolj z izjavo o razdoru. CISG ne pozna avtomatičnega razdora pogodbe. Razdrtje je možno le, če gre za bistveno kršitev, in sicer le na podlagi izrecne izjave o razdrtju in njeni notifikaciji. Izjava o razdoru učinkuje le, če je o njej obveščena druga stranka. CISG je glede izjave o razdoru strožja kot glede drugih notifikacijskih sporočil, za katerih učinkovanje ni nujno, da jih naslovnik prejme, če je bilo vse storjeno v skladu s konvencijo. Prav tako ni moč razvezati pogodbe s konkludentnimi dejanji. Učinkuje samo izjava, v kateri upravičenec obvesti kršilca o razdoru pogodbe. Pravica kupca je urejena v 49. členu CISG. Kupec lahko razdre pogodbo, če pomeni kršitev katerekoli obveznosti, ki jo je imel prodajalec na podlagi pogodbe ali te konvencije, bistveno kršitev. Nebistvena kršitev razveze ne omogoča, razen če blago ni bilo dobavljeno. V tem primeru gre že po sami CISG za prekvalifikacijo v bistveno kršitev, če kupec pred tem neuspešno uveljavlja izpolnitveni zahtevek. Pravica nastane po tem, ko preteče dodatni rok za izpolnitev obveznosti, in prodajalec tudi v tem roku dobave ne opravi. Le, če prodajalec pred potekom roka izjavi, da ne bo izpolnil obveznosti, nastane pravica že v tem trenutku. Razdor je enostransko dejanje, o katerem odloča izključno kupec, ki z izjavo svoje pravice ne sme nepotrebno zavlačevati. Da ne izgubi pravice, jo mora uveljaviti v primernem času. Razdor pogodbe je sredstvo, ki služi kot zadnje sredstvo (ultima ratio) in se uporablja, ko se od kupca ne more več pričakovati, da bo nadaljeval pogodbo. Pod pogojem, da so izpolnjene vse predpostavke za prekinitev pogodbe, je kupec upravičen le-to kadarkoli razdreti. In terms of content, avoidance of the contract is the strictest sanction available to the buyer in case of a breach of contract by the seller. Its basic consequence is the release from all obligations under the contract. Both parties try to return to the pre-contract state, as if no deal was made. No other sanction, e.g. requiring performance, reducing price, claiming damages, has such a penetrating effect. According to the CISG, avoidance of the contract is the buyer's unilateral right to avoid the contract by submitting a declaration of avoidance. The CISG does not allow for automatic avoidance. A contract can only be avoided in the case of a fundamental breach of contract with a declaration of avoidance and proper notification. The declaration is effective only if made by notice to the other party. In this case, the CISG is stricter than with other notifications, which do not have to be accepted by the addressee to come into effect, if the Convention has been respected. Neither can the contract be rescinded by concludent actions. Only the claimant’s declaration notifying the infringer of the avoidance is effective. The right of the buyer is provided in article 49 of the CISG. The buyer can avoid the contract if the failure by the seller to perform any of his obligations under the contract or the Convention amounts to a fundamental breach. A non-fundamental breach does not enable avoidance, except in case of non-delivery. The CISG itself recognizes the latter as a fundamental breach, provided that the buyer has unsuccessfully required performance beforehand. The right can be exercised after the expiration of an additional period of time for the performance of obligations, within which the seller has again failed to deliver the goods. Only if the seller declares that he will not perform his obligations in such a period of time can the right be exercised immediately. Avoidance is a unilateral action, exclusively performed by the buyer, who must not unnecessarily delay the declaration of his right. To avoid losing his right, he must assert it within an appropriate period of time. Avoidance of the contract is a last resort (ultima ratio), used when the buyer cannot be expected to continue the contract. If all the requirements for avoidance are met, the buyer is entitled to avoid the contract at any time.