| Summary: | Dissertation (Ph.D.) University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2014 Understanding the complex mechanisms controlling treeline advance or retreat in the Arctic and Subarctic has important implications for projecting ecosystem response to climate change. Changes in landcover due to a treeline biome shift could alter climate feedbacks and ecosystem services such as wildlife and berry habitat. Major sources of uncertainty in predicting treeline advance or retreat are the controls over seedling establishment at treeline and in tundra. One often-overlooked yet physiologically important factor to seedling establishment is the symbiosis with ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF), the obligate mycobionts of all boreal tree species. EMF provide soil nutrients and water to seedlings and protect against pathogens, enhancing their growth and reducing drought stress. The availability of these critical mycobionts may be limited across the forest-tundra ecotone and by disturbance events such as wildfire. Wildfires are the primary large-scale disturbance in Alaskan boreal forests and are increasingly prevalent in tundra and at treeline. Fire is the major driver of boreal tree seedling recruitment; however, fire also alters the community structure and reduces biomass of EMF, especially after high-severity fires. To investigate the potentially critical role of EMF in seedling establishment at and beyond current treeline in Alaska, I conducted two observational studies and one experimental study that address how fire-severity influences EMF community structure and plant-fungal interactions. These studies indicated that shrubs that survived and resprouted after fires at treeline and in tundra were a source of resilience for EMF diversity and function. Shrubs maintained latesuccessional stage EMF taxa, and the EMF taxa associated with shrubs at treeline were compatible with tree seedlings that naturally established after fire. Many of the EMF taxa that were shared by seedlings and shrubs were present across the low Arctic, suggesting that EMF ...
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