| Summary: | The oxygen isotopic composition (δ18O) of the deep-sea sediments is often assumed to represent global ice volume variations. These records and the δD of the EPICA ice core show significantly reduced amplitude in the global ice volume and temperature variations before about 450 ka ago, with less warm (cooler) interglacials and generally less cold glacials. Most of the δ18O records tend to show that globally MIS-13 (about 500 ka ago) appears to be the most glaciated interglacial of the last one million years. But at the same time, different proxy records from China show that MIS-13 was quite warm and humid, with the strongest East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) over the whole Quaternary. In parallel, unusually high rainfall events have been found over other monsoon regions, like North Africa and India. This is very surprising because usually strong monsoon is expected to occur during warm climate with high greenhouse gases concentration. To understand the possible causes of an extremely strong EASM during MIS-13, in particular the impacts of the astronomical forcing and of the reconstructed ice sheets, different sensitivity experiments have been made. First, the Greenland and Antarctica ice sheets are assumed to keep their present-day volume and the Eurasian and North American ice sheets are assumed to exist with different ice volumes ranging from the largest ones (amounting respectively 11.9 and 24.2 106 km3) up to 0. Equilibrium experiments show that the astronomical forcing is the most important, but also that the Eurasian ice sheet has a tendency to reinforce the EASM whatever their sizes when northern hemisphere (NH) summer occurs at perihelion. When NHS is at aphelion, there is a threshold in the ice volume beyond which the ice sheets start to reduce the precipitation over East China. This underlies the importance of insolation in shaping the ice sheet impact on the precipitation over the EASM region. This might be interesting for further studies of glacials. Second, many records (Guo et al., 2009) show that ...
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