PPAR-δ and erucic acid in multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's Disease. Likely benefits in terms of immunity and metabolism

The transcription factor, PPAR delta is involved in suppressing inflammation, stimulating oligodendroglial biogenesis and myelination. Furthermore, activation of PPAR delta directly protects mitochondria against noxious stimuli and stimulates biogenesis of new mitochondria. PPAR delta activation dir...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:International Immunopharmacology
Main Authors: Altinoz, Meric A., Ozpinar, Aysel
Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
Language:English
Published: 2019
Subjects:
Erucic acid
PPAR-delta
Multiple sclerosis
Alzheimer's Disease
Neuroprotection
Remyelination
PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR
CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM
X-LINKED ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY
LORENZOS OIL
COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT
BRASSICA-JUNCEA
CELLS
BRAIN
EXPRESSION
MACROPHAGES
Greenland
eskimo*
Online Access:https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/en/publications/8ee283ff-21d5-4fed-8ef3-bb402e078ed3
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2019.01.057
Description
Summary:The transcription factor, PPAR delta is involved in suppressing inflammation, stimulating oligodendroglial biogenesis and myelination. Furthermore, activation of PPAR delta directly protects mitochondria against noxious stimuli and stimulates biogenesis of new mitochondria. PPAR delta activation directly inhibits neuronal cell death and reduces both the level and neurotoxicity of Amyloid-beta fibers in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) models. Among the important ligands of PPAR delta is erucic acid (EA, 22:1 n9), an edible omega-9 fatty acid and a component of Lorenzo's oil, which is used in the treatment of adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD). Nonetheless, the feature of PPAR delta-erucic acid interaction has not been extensively studied. EA can also be converted to nervonic acid, an important component of myelin. Hence, EA may act as an anti-inflammatory and remyelinating agent, which might be important in the management of another demyelinating disease, multiple sclerosis (MS). Oxidative injury and mitochondrial damage are among the features of ALD. Direct inhibitory effects of EA was observed on lipid peroxidation and inflammatory enzymes, neutrophil elastase and thrombin. EA also induces catalase, a potent antioxidant peroxisomal enzyme. However, EA is claimed to be a cardiotoxic molecule, yet these studies were mostly performed on rats, which do not efficiently metabolize EA. Further, EA is largely consumed by Asian population and Greenland Eskimos with no signs of cardiac damage. In this review, we shed light on the potential theraputic role of EA in MS and AD by blocking neural cell death, mitigating neuroinflammation and/or inducing myelination.

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