Rôle de la glace saisonnière dans la dynamique de l'écosystème marin de l'Antarctique : impact potentiel du changement climatique global

Seasonal ice cover is linked to an intense biological activity in polar regions. Every year, ice melting induces the stabilisation of the water column which can be observed until 150 km from the margin of seasonal ice, favoring the development of profuse phytoplankton blooms. For the case of Antarct...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:VertigO
Main Authors: Ferreyra, Gustavo, Schloss, Irene, Demers, Serge
Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
Language:French
Published: Les Éditions en environnement VertigO 2004
Subjects:
geo
Online Access:http://journals.openedition.org/vertigo/3172
Description
Summary:Seasonal ice cover is linked to an intense biological activity in polar regions. Every year, ice melting induces the stabilisation of the water column which can be observed until 150 km from the margin of seasonal ice, favoring the development of profuse phytoplankton blooms. For the case of Antarctica, life cycles of key species in the ecosystem, particularly the krill Euphausia superba, strongly depends on ice dynamics. This species has been considered as the main link between phytoplankton and higher trophic levels in the food web (fishes, birds and mammals). Several field observations as well as models suggest a replacement of krill by another group of organisms: the salps (particularly Salpa thompsoni). Such replacement has been related to the decrease in duration and extent of seasonal ice during the last decades, which in turn shows a strong correlation with the air temperature increase in some areas of Antarctica (Amundsen – Bellingshausen seas and Antarctic Peninsula). These changes could have significant consequences for both the biodiversity and the functioning of the Antarctic ecosystem, since salps represent a low energy source for high predators. The potential significance of the above processes on Antarctic ecosystem dynamics is analysed in the present paper. La présence de la glace de mer entraîne une intense activité biologique dans les régions polaires. Chaque année, la fonte saisonnière du couvert de glace produit une forte stabilisation de la colonne d’eau qui peut être observée jusqu’à plus de 150 km de la zone marginale des glaces, produisant d’intenses floraisons phytoplanctoniques. Dans le cas de l’Antarctique, le cycle de vie des espèces clés de cet écosystème, notamment le krill Euphausia superba, dépend étroitement de la dynamique des glaces. Cette espèce est considérée comme le principal lien entre le phytoplancton et les niveaux supérieurs du réseau trophique marin (poissons, oiseaux et mammifères). Toutes les observations et les modèles suggèrent le remplacement du krill par un ...