Etude par imagerie radar des pollutions pétrolières

Every year, up to a fifth of Russian oil production is lost through leakage. The largest oil spills occur in the Russian North where permafrost is often present. Pipelines are subject to corrosion and cryogenic processes. The risk of rupture increases consequently. The oil spill monitoring is limite...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Cybergeo
Main Authors: Gaye, Amadou, Marchand, Yvette, Rees, G.
Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
Language:French
Published: UMR 8504 Géographie-cités 2014
Subjects:
Online Access:http://journals.openedition.org/cybergeo/3583
Description
Summary:Every year, up to a fifth of Russian oil production is lost through leakage. The largest oil spills occur in the Russian North where permafrost is often present. Pipelines are subject to corrosion and cryogenic processes. The risk of rupture increases consequently. The oil spill monitoring is limited by the vastness and the frequent inaccessibility of the pipeline network and therefore, requires remotely sensed data. This work on Usinsk’s disaster, which occurred in 1994, aims at giving some low-level tools for analysing SAR data. Some complicating factors such as the characteristics of the sensor, the sensor look direction, the topography and the speckle, make the SAR data processing difficult. The determination of the characteristics of the target depends on the knowledge of these disturbing effects. This study shows the key role that these corrections play for the interpretation of multitemporal SAR backscattering. The method developed here for the multitemporal study of the Usinsk’s oil spill using 3 SAR images is discussed especially in terms of limits and possible uses as a routine. En Russie, chaque année, les déversements de pétrole représentent un cinquième de la production totale. Les plus importants se produisent dans le domaine périglaciaire où le milieu naturel est d’une extrême fragilité. Les pipelines sont soumis à de rudes conditions notamment à la corrosion et aux processus cryogéniques. Le risque de rupture augmente en conséquence. La surveillance des déversements d’hydrocarbures, contrainte par l’immensité et la fréquente inaccessibilité du réseau de pipelines, peut être réalisée par le recours à la télédétection. L’objectif de ce travail est de fournir, à travers l’exemple de la catastrophe d’Usinsk (Rép. de Komi) survenue en 1994, des outils d’analyse des images radar. Outre leur capacité à s’affranchir du couvert nuageux, les capteurs radar apportent des informations complémentaires à celles fournies par des capteurs optiques. L’exploitation thématique de ces images est rendue difficile ...