| Summary: | This doctoral thesis is the first systematic study of a newly discovered class of extreme ecosystems in the arctic environment: microbial mat communities and their habitats on northern ice shelves. The overarching objective was to examine the structure and dynamics of these cryo-ecosystems at several scales and to examine the interaction between physical and biological aspects on the five major ice shelves found in the Canadian High Arctic. This study made use of a broad range of methods including: microscopic enumeration of algal taxa; quantification of pigments with high performance liquid chromatography; automated over-winter measurements of salinity, irradiance and temperature; helicopter-assisted surveys and sampling; and analysis of satellite imagery. The chemical and physical limnology of the cryo-habitats across this entire ecosystem was found to be heterogeneous and a diverse community of phototrophic microorganisms was found within the microbial mats. Habitat fragmentation was shown to have little effect on the biodiversity of the cryo-ecosystem, however environmental gradients were significantly associated with microbial mat community structure. The hypothesis that ice shelf microbial mat organisms subsist in sub-optimal conditions was tested by examining metabolic responses to changes in salinity, irradiance and temperature. Heterotrophic microbiota were found to be optimized for the extreme conditions prevalent on the ice shelf, whereas photosynthetic micro-organisms tolerated a broader range, suggesting they were extremotrophic (defined by this study as tolerance by microbiota to local conditions but with in situ growth well outside their physiological optima) rather than extremophilic (a more narrow specialization to local conditions, with in situ growth close to physiological maxima). An assemblage of sunscreening and accessory pigments was associated with the autotrophic community, which may account for the extended tolerance range of the extremotrophs. The relationship between microbial mat ...
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