Global sea-to-air flux climatology for bromoform, dibromomethane and methyl iodide

• Published in: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
• Main Authors: Ziska, F., Quack, B., Abrahamsson, K., Archer, S. D., Atlas, E., Bell, T., Butler, J. H., Carpenter, L. J., Jones, C. E., Harris, N. R. P., Hepach, H., Heumann, K. G., Hughes, C., Kuss, J., Krueger, K., Liss, P., Moore, R. M., Orlikowska, A., Raimund, Stefan, Reeves, C. E., Reifenhaeuser, W., Robinson, A. D., Schall, C., Tanhua, T., Tegtmeier, S., Turner, S., Wang, L., Wallace, D., Williams, J., Yamamoto, H., Yvon-Lewis, S., Yokouchi, Y.
• Other Authors: Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften (IFM-GEOMAR), Department of Analytical and Marine Chemistry ( Gothenburg, Sweden), Göteborgs Universitet (SWEDEN), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Marine and Atmospheric Chemistry Division Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), University of Miami Coral Gables -University of Miami Coral Gables, Department of Earth System Science Irvine (ESS), University of California Irvine (UCI), University of California-University of California, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Department of Chemistry York, UK, University of York York, UK, Department of Chemistry Cambridge, UK, University of Cambridge UK (CAM), Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg - Universität Mainz (JGU), Ctr. Competence International Tele Image (CCITI), CCITI, Centre de Recherche et d'Application en Traitement de l'Image et du Signal (CREATIS), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-École Supérieure Chimie Physique Électronique de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Application des ultrasons à la thérapie (LabTAU), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre Léon Bérard Lyon -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Leibniz-Institut für Ostseeforschung Warnemünde (IOW), Leibniz Association, Laboratory for Global Marine and Atmospheric Chemistry Norwich (LGMAC), University of East Anglia Norwich (UEA), Department of Oceanography Halifax (DO), Dalhousie University Halifax, CHImie Marine (CHIM), Adaptation et diversité en milieu marin (AD2M), Station biologique de Roscoff Roscoff (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Station biologique de Roscoff Roscoff (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Environmental Sciences Norwich, Bayerisches Landesamt für Umwelt, Fresenius Medical Care Bad Homburg, Department of Bentho-pelagic processes, Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), SAC, Bush Estate, Center for Condensed Matter Sciences Taipei, National Taiwan University Taiwan (NTU), Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Department of Oceanography College Station
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: HAL CCSD 2013
• Subjects: geo; envir; Antarctic; Arctic; Antarc*
• Online Access: https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8915-2013; https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01251675/file/acp-13-8915-2013.pdf; https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01251675

International audience Volatile halogenated organic compounds containing bromine and iodine, which are naturally produced in the ocean, are involved in ozone depletion in both the troposphere and stratosphere. Three prominent compounds transporting large amounts of marine halogens into the atmosphere are bromoform (CHBr3), dibromomethane (CH2Br2) and methyl iodide (CH3I). The input of marine halogens to the stratosphere has been estimated from observations and modelling studies using low-resolution oceanic emission scenarios derived from top-down approaches. In order to improve emission inventory estimates, we calculate data-based high resolution global sea-to-air flux estimates of these compounds from surface observations within the HalOcAt (Halocarbons in the Ocean and Atmosphere) database (https://halocat.geomar.de/). Global maps of marine and atmospheric surface concentrations are derived from the data which are divided into coastal, shelf and open ocean regions. Considering physical and biogeochemical characteristics of ocean and atmosphere, the open ocean water and atmosphere data are classified into 21 regions. The available data are interpolated onto a 1 degrees x 1 degrees grid while missing grid values are interpolated with latitudinal and longitudinal dependent regression techniques reflecting the compounds' distributions. With the generated surface concentration climatologies for the ocean and atmosphere, global sea-to-air concentration gradients and sea-to-air fluxes are calculated. Based on these calculations we estimate a total global flux of 1.5/2.5 Gmol Br yr(-1) for CHBr3, 0.78/0.98 Gmol Br yr(-1) for CH2Br2 and 1.24/1.45 Gmol Br yr(-1) for CH3I (robust fit/ordinary least squares regression techniques). Contrary to recent studies, negative fluxes occur in each sea-to-air flux climatology, mainly in the Arctic and Antarctic regions. ``Hot spots'' for global polybromomethane emissions are located in the equatorial region, whereas methyl iodide emissions are enhanced in the subtropical gyre ...