Moyens d’orientation et de navigation des Vikings, marins accomplis en Atlantique Nord (fin VIII`supbe`/supb–XI`supbe`/supb siècles)

Relatively little work has been done on the scientific and technical aspects of the Vikings. Here, we attempt to solve a mystery of ancient navigation : How could the Vikings cross the North Atlantic without maps, written itineraries, or compasses, and reach Northeast America five centuries before C...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author: de Craecker-Dussart, Christiane
Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
Language:French
Published: 2020
Subjects:
geo
Online Access:http://www.cairn.info/article.php?ID_ARTICLE=RMA_253_0617
Description
Summary:Relatively little work has been done on the scientific and technical aspects of the Vikings. Here, we attempt to solve a mystery of ancient navigation : How could the Vikings cross the North Atlantic without maps, written itineraries, or compasses, and reach Northeast America five centuries before Christopher Columbus discovered Central America ? We studied the primary and secondary literature on the main instruments suggested : sunstones, sundials, hourglasses, logs, sounding weights, and weather vanes. We were unable to confirm that the first three of these were used, and their employment remains hypothetical. On the other hand, rudimentary dead-reckoning navigation, horizontal navigation, and particularly visual or natural navigation (without the use of instruments), alongside the use of exceptionally well-made ships, all offer an explanation for how these sailors – who were daring, but also prudent and experienced – could have performed such a feat. Peu de contributions traitent des Vikings sous les aspects scientifiques et techniques. Le sujet traité ici tente de percer un des mystères de la navigation ancienne : comment les Vikings ont-ils pu traverser l’Atlantique Nord, sans carte ni itinéraire écrit ou boussole, pour aboutir en Amérique du Nord-Est, cinq siècles avant que Christophe Colomb ne découvre l’Amérique centrale ? Une étude critique et scientifique des sources et travaux relatifs aux principaux instruments suggérés – pierre de soleil, cadran de position et sablier, mais aussi log, sonde et girouette – ne permet pas de conclure à l’emploi des trois premiers, qui restent donc des hypothèses à confirmer. Par contre, une navigation rudimentaire à l’estime, à l’horizontale et surtout à vue (au jugé, au naturel et donc non instrumentale), sur des bateaux exceptionnels, permet de comprendre comment ces marins audacieux, mais prudents et chevronnés, ont pu relever un tel défi.