| Summary: | Among the questions about human-dog relationships, the morphological variability of dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) is the center of attention. Originating between human selection and environmental constraints, the variability of dogs is the source of many uses, more than any other domestic animal. The first evidences of human selection are given during the Bronze Age and those of the first explosion of variability come from the Roman period. This study had thus focused this chronological timeline, looking towards north-western Mediterranean, crossroad for trade and cultural exchanges. A unique referential was built in order to study the morphological variability of modern dogs. Morphometric methods used on modern animals were thereafter transposed on archaeological specimens from France and Catalonia (Spain). Comparisons were made with the only two wild canids living in the studied area during the Holocene, the grey wolf (Canis lupus) and the red fox (Vulpes vulpes). The analysis relating to modern specimens showed several diagnostic criteria, related to typological or specific features, and transferable to archaeological remains. Results for Bronze Age dogs outline populations of free-ranging dogs, feeding and traveling probably beyond human control. Roman dogs consist of diverse and identified morphotypes, some of them recorded for the first time in the studied area. Substantial differences between periods and sites originate from variable anthropic pressures, depending on the needs and lifestyles, which have deeply shaped the dogs. Les questions qui entourent les relations homme-chien, sont nombreuses. Parmi elles, la variabilité morphologique des chiens (Canis lupus familiaris) est au centre des attentions. Trouvant son origine entre sélection humaine et contraintes environnementales, la variabilité des chiens est la source de multiples utilisations, bien plus diverses que pour tout autre animal domestique. Les premiers témoins d’une sélection humaine en tant qu’acte délibéré sont fournis au cours de l’âge ...
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