Critical Southern Ocean climate model biases traced to atmospheric model cloud errors

• Published in: Nature Communications
• Main Authors: Hyder, Patrick, Edwards, John M., Allan, Richard P., Hewitt, Helene T., Bracegirdle, Thomas J., Gregory, Jonathan M., Wood, Richard A., Meijers, Andrew J. S., Mulcahy, Jane, Field, Paul, Furtado, Kalli, Bodas-salcedo, Alejandro, Williams, Keith D., Copsey, Dan, Josey, Simon A., Liu, Chunlei, Roberts, Chris D., Sanchez, Claudio, Ridley, Jeff, Thorpe, Livia, Hardiman, Steven C., Mayer, Michael, Berry, David I., Belcher, Stephen E.
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: 2018
• Subjects: Southern Ocean
• Online Access: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/424151/; https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/424151/1/s41467_018_05634_2.pdf

The Southern Ocean is a pivotal component of the global climate system yet it is poorly represented in climate models, with significant biases in upper-ocean temperatures, clouds and winds. Combining Atmospheric and Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project (AMIP5/CMIP5) simulations, with observations and equilibrium heat budget theory, we show that across the CMIP5 ensemble variations in sea surface temperature biases in the 40–60°S Southern Ocean are primarily caused by AMIP5 atmospheric model net surface flux bias variations, linked to cloud-related short-wave errors. Equilibration of the biases involves local coupled sea surface temperature bias feedbacks onto the surface heat flux components. In combination with wind feedbacks, these biases adversely modify upper-ocean thermal structure. Most AMIP5 atmospheric models that exhibit small net heat flux biases appear to achieve this through compensating errors. We demonstrate that targeted developments to cloud-related parameterisations provide a route to better represent the Southern Ocean in climate models and projections.