Summary: | A, top: Blue line: the oxygen δ 18 O isotope record from the NGRIP ice core [ 62 ]. Red line: the prescribed forcing of summer (JJA) temperature. Black line: July insolation at 70°N [ 78 ]. B, center: Black line: ice volume of the GrIS. Pink line: total ice area of the GrIS. Blue line: floating ice area. C, bottom: Black line: surface mass balance of the GrIS. Blue line: total mass balance, positive indicate mass gain, and vice versa. Red line: rate of dynamic ice loss, i.e., discharge ice flux. As the sub-shelf ice flux and grounded basal mass flux are one order of magnitude smaller than that of the surface mass balance and the dynamic ice loss, the total mass balance of the GrIS is primarily controlled by the surface mass balance and dynamic ice loss. The above results are all based on the ensemble mean of the seven ensemble simulations.
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