| Summary: | The 2 left-hand columns represent our predictive stress model to ocean acidification (compare “homeostasis” vs “stress increase”) and have been adapted from [ 4 ]. The 3 right-hand columns represent the empirical findings of our study (compare “homeostasis” vs “stress release”). Sizes of the discs indicate the relative importance of various processes. Arrows indicate increases (upwards) or decreases (downwards) with white reflective of positive changes and black reflective of negative changes compared to homeostasis; ? indicates unknown. Under increased stress, energy allocation towards basal maintenance increases significantly due to the higher cost of protection against and damage repair from stress, with energy being reallocated from other processes; at the same time, reduced energy intake might occur due to stress conditions. The comparison between “homeostasis’” and “stress release” in female and male fishes at CO 2 vents summarises our empirical observations. Females reallocate energy from activity to reproduction, while males use increased energy intake for increased reproduction and reproduction-related activity (inter-mature male aggression). The number of fish reflects changes in fish population sizes. Fish symbol from https://openclipart.org/ .
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