Individual shifts toward safety explain age-related foraging distribution in a gregarious shorebird

Lay Summary Young and older animals of a kind often occur at different places. Such spatial segregation by age can emerge from individuals changing habitat as they get older, or from differential survival in different places, with those occupied by adults showing highest survival. Repeated observati...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Piet J. van den Hout, Theunis Piersma, Job ten Horn, Bernard Spaans, Tamar Lok
Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
Language:unknown
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Online Access:http://hdl.handle.net/10.1093/beheco/arw173
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Summary:Lay Summary Young and older animals of a kind often occur at different places. Such spatial segregation by age can emerge from individuals changing habitat as they get older, or from differential survival in different places, with those occupied by adults showing highest survival. Repeated observations of individually color-ringed red knots (a shorebird) showed that their increasingly offshore foraging distribution on the mudflats of Banc d’Arguin (Mauritania) is best explained by individual trajectories of change.Twitter: @vandenhoutpj Although age-related spatial segregation is ubiquitous, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we aim to elucidate the processes behind a previously established age-related foraging distribution of red knots (Calidris canutus canutus) in their main wintering area in West Africa (Banc d’Arguin, Mauritania). Based on 10 years of observations of 1232 uniquely color-ringed individuals of 1 to 18+ years old, we examined whether the observed age-related foraging distribution resulted from 1) spatial differences in mortality or 2) age-related shifts in habitat use. Using multistate capture–recapture modeling, we showed that with age foraging red knots moved away from the shoreline, that is, to areas with fewer surprise attacks by raptors. Considering uncertainties in the subjective gradient in predation danger with increasing distance from shore (as assessed from correlations between vigilance and distance from shore in foraging birds), we applied 2 different danger zone boundaries, at 40 m and 500 m from shore. Between years, red knots had a much higher chance to move from the dangerous nearshore area to the “safe” area beyond (71–78% and 26% for 40-m and 500-m danger zone boundary, respectively), than vice versa (4% and 14%). For neither danger zone boundary value did we find differences in annual mortality for individuals using either dangerous or safe zone, so the move away from the shore with age is attributed to individual careers rather than differential ...