Occurrence and distribution of old and new halogenated flame retardants in mosses and lichens from the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica

The spatial distribution of old and new halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), and Dechlorane Plus (DPs) and related compounds (Dechloranes), were investigated in the South Shetland Islands of Antarctica, employing moss...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Environmental Pollution
Main Authors: Kim, Jun-Tae, Choi, Yun-Jeong, Barghi, Mandana, Yoon, Young-Jun, Kim, Jeong-Hoon, Kim, Ji Hee, Chang, Yoon-Seok
Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
Language:English
Published: ELSEVIER SCI LTD 2018
Subjects:
PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS
KING-GEORGE ISLAND
POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS
DECHLORANE PLUS
HEXABROMOCYCLODODECANE DIASTEREOISOMERS
ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES
POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS
RESEARCH STATIONS
LOCAL-SOURCES
SURFACE SNOW
Halogenated flame retardants
Antarctica
Hexabromocyclododecanes
Dechloranes
Long-range transport
Antarctic
King George Island
South Shetland Islands
Antarc*
Usnea antarctica
Online Access:https://oasis.postech.ac.kr/handle/2014.oak/95926
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.080
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Summary:The spatial distribution of old and new halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), and Dechlorane Plus (DPs) and related compounds (Dechloranes), were investigated in the South Shetland Islands of Antarctica, employing mosses (Andreaea depressinervis and Sanionia uncinata) and lichens (Himantormia lugubris and Usnea antarctica) as bioindicators. The levels of PBDEs, HBCDs, and Dechloranes ranged from 3.2 to 71.5, 0.63 960, and 2.04-2400 pg/g dw (dry weight) in the mosses, and from 1.5 to 188, 0.1-21.1, and 1.0-83.8 pg/g dw in the lichens, respectively. HFRs were detected in all of the collected samples, even in those from the remote regions. The dominance of high brominated-BDE, anti-DP fraction, and HBCD diastereomeric ratio in the samples from remote regions suggested the long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) of the HFRs. The relatively high HBCDs and Dechloranes contamination and their similar chemical profile with commercial products in the vicinity of Antarctic research stations indicated that human activities might act as local sources, while PBDEs appeared to be more influenced by LRAT and bioaccumulation rather than local emission. Lastly, the relatively high HFR levels and dominance of more brominated BDEs at the Nargbski Point and in the wet lowlands suggested that penguin colonies and melting glacier water could be secondary HFR sources in Antarctica. The HFR levels differed by sample species, suggesting that further research on the factors associated with the HFR accumulation in the different species is necessary. This study firstly reports the alternative HFR levels in a wide area of the Antarctica, which could improve our understanding of the source, transport, and fate of the HFRs. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1 1 N scie scopus

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