Physical oceanography during POLARSTERN cruise ANT-XXIX/4

• Main Authors: Geprägs, Patrizia, Torres, Marta E, Mau, Susan, Kasten, Sabine, Römer, Miriam, Bohrmann, Gerhard
• Format: Dataset
• Language: English
• Published: PANGAEA 2016
• Subjects: Altimeter; ANT-XXIX/4; Attenuation; optical beam transmission; Calculated; Computed; Conductivity; CTD; SEA-BIRD SBE 911plus; CTD/Rosette; CTD-RO; Date/Time of event; Density; sigma-theta (0); DEPTH; water; Elevation of event; Event label; Fluorescence; chlorophyll; Fluorometer; WET Labs ECO AFL/FL; Height above sea floor/altitude; Latitude of event; Longitude of event; Oxygen; Oxygen sensor; SBE 43; Polarstern; Pressure; PS81; PS81/281-1; PS81/282-1; PS81/284-3; PS81/286-1; Salinity; Sample ID; South Atlantic Ocean; Temperature; potential; Transmissiometer; WET Labs C-Star; Cumberland Bay
• Online Access: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.857302; https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.857302

Recent studies have suggested that the marine contribution of methane from shallow regions and melting marine terminating glaciers may have been underestimated. Here we report on methane sources and potential sinks associated with methane seeps in Cumberland Bay, South Georgia's largest fjord system. The average organic carbon content in the upper 8 meters of the sediment is around 0.65 wt.%; this observation combined with Parasound data suggest that the methane gas accumulations probably originate from peat-bearing sediments currently located several tens of meters below the seafloor. Only one of our cores indicates upward advection; instead most of the methane is transported via diffusion. Sulfate and methane flux estimates indicate that a large fraction of methane is consumed by anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM). Carbon cycling at the sulfate-methane transition (SMT) results in a marked fractionation of the d13C-CH4 from an estimated source value of -65 per mil to a value as low as -96 per mil just below the SMT. Methane concentrations in sediments are high, especially close to the seepage sites (~40 mM); however, concentrations in the water column are relatively low (max. 58 nM) and can be observed only close to the seafloor. Methane is trapped in the lowermost water mass, however, measured microbial oxidation rates reveal very low activity with an average turnover of 3.1 years. We therefore infer that methane must be transported out of the bay in the bottom water layer. A mean sea-air flux of only 0.005 nM/m²s confirms that almost no methane reaches the atmosphere.