| Summary: | The topics in this dissertation center on the snow processes that dominate mountain environments in the Western U.S. and Alaska, particularly in locations lacking long-term observational datasets or locales that are difficult to access in-person. Some are currently glacierized or have been glaciated in the recent past. Each of the three projects and study areas have hydrographs that are highly influenced by winter snowpack and spring snowmelt, and the processes that govern snowpack evolution and ablation during the water year. Each of the research questions in the following three projects were designed within the context of anthropogenically forced changes to temperature and precipitation, and the downstream implications for water resources management. These forces of change may be enhanced in the coming decades as our global economic pursuits continue to pump, unabated, gigatons of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. The circumstances of this current and future non-stationarity of the climate system affects the assumptions made during the formation of each research question. The research projects in the following chapters are built on the foundation of the three legs of successful snow research: 1) physically-based modeling of snow processes, 2) remote sensing of snowpacks, and 3) ground observations of snow conditions. Chapter 1 is a general literature review connecting theories and ideas from several disciplines relevant to the research questions from each chapter. The literature review includes a history of energy balance and snowmelt modeling, an overview of physically-based snow modeling, and discusses citizen science in the hydrologic sciences. Chapter 2 is an investigation into the seasonal components of freshwater discharge to Glacier Bay, Alaska. The chapter includes a historical analysis and a future projection scenario of freshwater runoff based on climatic changes in temperature and precipitation by the end of the century. The key findings of this research show that projection scenario runoff to ...
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