Ground-Based Measurements of the 2014–2015 Holuhraun Volcanic Cloud (Iceland)

he 2014–2015 Bárðarbunga fissure eruption at Holuhraun in central Iceland was distinguished by the high emission of gases, in total 9.6 Mt SO2, with almost no tephra. This work collates all ground-based measurements of this extraordinary eruption cloud made under particularly challenging conditions:...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Geosciences
Main Authors: Pfeffer, Melissa, Bergsson, Baldur, Barsotti, Sara, Stefansdottir, Gerdur, Galle, Bo, Arellano, Santiago, Conde, Vladimir, Donovan, Amy, Ilyinskaya, Evgenia, Burton, Mike, Aiuppa, Alessandro, Whitty, Rachel, Simmons, Isla, Arason, Þórður, Jónasdóttir, Elín, Keller, Nicole, Yeo, Richard, Arngrímsson, Hermann, Jóhannsson, Þorsteinn, Butwin, Mary, Askew, Robert, Dumont, Stéphanie, von Löwis, Sibylle, Ingvarsson, Þorgils, La Spina, Alessandro, Thomas, Helen, Prata, Fred, Grassa, Fausto, Giudice, Gaetano, Stefansson, Andri, Marzano, Frank, Montopoli, Mario, Mereu, Luigi
Other Authors: Jarðvísindastofnun (HÍ), Institute of Earth Sciences (UI), Verkfræði- og náttúruvísindasvið (HÍ), School of Engineering and Natural Sciences (UI), Háskóli Íslands, University of Iceland
Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2018
Subjects:
Holuhraun
Bárðarbunga
Gas
SO2
Cloud height
Eruption monitoring
Fissure eruption
Eldgos
Sprungugos
Lofttegundir
Gosmökkur
Brennisteinsdíoxíð
Iceland
Online Access:https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11815/700
https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8010029
Description
Summary:he 2014–2015 Bárðarbunga fissure eruption at Holuhraun in central Iceland was distinguished by the high emission of gases, in total 9.6 Mt SO2, with almost no tephra. This work collates all ground-based measurements of this extraordinary eruption cloud made under particularly challenging conditions: remote location, optically dense cloud with high SO2 column amounts, low UV intensity, frequent clouds and precipitation, an extensive and hot lava field, developing ramparts, and high-latitude winter conditions. Semi-continuous measurements of SO2 flux with three scanning DOAS instruments were augmented by car traverses along the ring-road and along the lava. The ratios of other gases/SO2 were measured by OP-FTIR, MultiGAS, and filter packs. Ratios of SO2/HCl = 30–110 and SO2/HF = 30–130 show a halogen-poor eruption cloud. Scientists on-site reported extremely minor tephra production during the eruption. OPC and filter packs showed low particle concentrations similar to non-eruption cloud conditions. Three weather radars detected a droplet-rich eruption cloud. Top of eruption cloud heights of 0.3–5.5 km agl were measured with ground- and aircraft-based visual observations, web camera and NicAIR II infrared images, triangulation of scanning DOAS instruments, and the location of SO2 peaks measured by DOAS traverses. Cloud height and emission rate measurements were critical for initializing gas dispersal simulations for hazard forecasting. his work was greatly supported by the FUTUREVOLC project funded by the European Union's Seventh Program for research, technological development, and demonstration under grant agreement No 308377. BG and SA acknowledge a grant from the Swedish Research Council FORMAS. EI acknowledges NERC urgency grant NE/M021130/1. Peer Reviewed

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