Illness severity and risk of mental morbidities among patients recovering from COVID-19 : A cross-sectional study in the Icelandic population
Funding Information: Funding This study was supported by grants from the Icelandic government and NordForsk (Mental morbidity trajectories in COVID-19 across risk populations of five nations, grant 105668, Dr. UV). The funding sources had no role in the design and implementation of the study; in dat...
Published in: | BMJ Open |
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Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
Other Authors: | , , , , , , , |
Format: | Article in Journal/Newspaper |
Language: | English |
Published: |
2021
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Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11815/3103 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049967 |
Summary: | Funding Information: Funding This study was supported by grants from the Icelandic government and NordForsk (Mental morbidity trajectories in COVID-19 across risk populations of five nations, grant 105668, Dr. UV). The funding sources had no role in the design and implementation of the study; in data collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication. Publisher Copyright: © Objective To test if patients recovering from COVID-19 are at increased risk of mental morbidities and to what extent such risk is exacerbated by illness severity. Design Population-based cross-sectional study. Setting Iceland. Participants A total of 22 861 individuals were recruited through invitations to existing nationwide cohorts and a social media campaign from 24 April to 22 July 2020, of which 373 were patients recovering from COVID-19. Main outcome measures Symptoms of depression (Patient Health Questionnaire), anxiety (General Anxiety Disorder Scale) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; modified Primary Care PTSD Screen for DSM-5) above screening thresholds. Adjusting for multiple covariates and comorbidities, multivariable Poisson regression was used to assess the association between COVID-19 severity and mental morbidities. Results Compared with individuals without a diagnosis of COVID-19, patients recovering from COVID-19 had increased risk of depression (22.1% vs 16.2%; adjusted relative risk (aRR) 1.48, 95% CI 1.20 to 1.82) and PTSD (19.5% vs 15.6%; aRR 1.38, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.75) but not anxiety (13.1% vs 11.3%; aRR 1.24, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.64). Elevated relative risks were limited to patients recovering from COVID-19 that were 40 years or older and were particularly high among individuals with university education. Among patients recovering from COVID-19, symptoms of depression were particularly common among those in the highest, compared with the lowest tertile of influenza-like symptom burden (47.1% vs ... |
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