| Summary: | Variability in the Arctic stratospheric polar vortex can lead to extreme winter weather across the Northern Hemisphere, which can have large socioeconomic impacts. Dynamically, increased vertical wave activity from the troposphere into the polar stratosphere fluxes anomalous heat towards the pole, resulting in the warming and weakening of the stratospheric polar vortex. Characteristics of these vertical wave driving events are not well understood as they can vary in strength, duration, and location. This research addresses the knowledge gap associated with vertical wave driving characteristics and the impact they have on the stratospheric polar vortex. Here we compare the impacts of single versus multiple vertically propagating wave events entering the polar stratosphere in both ERA-Interim and hindcasts of operational subseasonal models in the Subseasonal-to-Seasonal (S2S) Prediction Project Database. Tropospheric height patterns that occur on the start day of single and multiple pulse events include anomalous ridging over Northern Eurasia and the North Atlantic as well as an anomalous trough or zonal trough-ridge pattern over the North Pacific. These anomalous patterns are co-located with large meridional heat flux anomalies during the events. Single pulse events have less persistent tropospheric features and are found to be relatively short-lived and weaker compared to multiple pulse events. As a result, the vortex is much weaker following multiple pulse events than single pulse events. The significant stratospheric anomalies that occur with these events more readily downward propagate into the troposphere following multiple pulse events versus single pulse events. S2S models capture well the spatial patterns of single and multiple pulse events on the start day of the event, but struggle to produce stationary features at later lags, such as blocking highs, which are important for producing multiple pulse events. In both reanalysis and S2S models, the North Pacific, Europe, and Siberia are the regions favored ...
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