| Summary: | In 1982, based on the Antarctic Convention, the international organization — Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) — was founded, which is, according to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, a regional organization, aimed at fisheries management and invested with enhanced authority on the issues of the Antarctic ecosystem conservation. CCAMLR regulates fisheries by implementing the Conservation Measures (CMs). They are developed by the Scientific Committee with regard to results of scientific observations and programs, models and simulations, and recommendations from the Working Groups. The Measures are adopted by the delegations from member states annually and only after consensus of opinions. Current yield from fishing and harvesting operations in the Antarctic amounts to 279,000 t (2016), including 260,000 t of krill, 12,000 t of the Patagonian toothfish, 4,000 t of the Antarctic toothfish, 600 t of the mackerel icefish, and 2,400 t of by-catch (macrouruses and antimora). Fishing and harvesting operations are carried out (in descending order) by Norway, the People's Republic of China, the Republic of Korea, Ukraine, France, Chile, Australia, Great Britain, New Zealand, Russia, Spain, the Republic of South Africa, Uruguay, Japan. All fishing and harvesting sites are located in the areas, covered by territorial claims of the states of the region. So far CCAMLR has been applying precautionary approach instead, in which precautionary criteria are derived from modeling, inferences and assumptions. Over 20 non-governmental organizations, collaborating with CCAMLR, influence the content of the Measures: Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition, Environmental Protection Committee, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, etc. CCAMLR current system of management is basically politically motivated, oriented on minimization of fishing and harvesting operations, and proclamatory conservation of the ecosystem. From 1989 to 2017, CCAMLR ...
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