The walrus and the seal in northern seas during the Middle Ages: hunting, exploitation, trade. A text approach

International audience The sources we have tend to prove that, during the Middle Ages, men fear the sea and the creatures living in it. The walrus, subject of a terminological ambiguity, is no exception to the rule. However, both the walrus and the seal are hunted, for hunters have a more realistic...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Anthropozoologica
Main Author: Delliaux, Maxime
Other Authors: Centre Michel de Boüard - Centre de recherches archéologiques et historiques anciennes et médiévales (CRAHAM), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
Language:French
Published: HAL CCSD 2016
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Online Access:https://hal.science/hal-03343673
https://hal.science/hal-03343673/document
https://hal.science/hal-03343673/file/Le%20morse%20et%20le%20phoque%20dans%20les%20mers%20du%20Nord%20au%20Moyen%20%C3%82ge.%20Chasse,%20exploitation,%20commerce.%20Une%20approche%20par%20les%20textes.pdf
https://doi.org/10.5252/az2016n2a1
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Summary:International audience The sources we have tend to prove that, during the Middle Ages, men fear the sea and the creatures living in it. The walrus, subject of a terminological ambiguity, is no exception to the rule. However, both the walrus and the seal are hunted, for hunters have a more realistic view of these animals. Mainly based on Norse texts, and in particular on Icelandic sagas, this article intends to identify the main features of the hunting of these amphibian mammals in northern seas. While hunting is vital in some areas, it is subject to very restricting rules elsewhere, which can sometimes lead to conflicts. As a matter of fact, northern seas have seen trade become increasingly dynamic during the Middle Ages, in which the walrus and its precious ivory tusks have their place. Les sources dont nous disposons tendent à montrer qu'au Moyen Âge, les hommes craignent la mer et les créatures qui y vivent. Le morse, objet d'une ambiguïté terminologique, n'échappe pas à cette règle. Pourtant, le morse et le phoque sont chassés, les chasseurs ayant une vision plus réaliste de ces animaux. Reposant majoritairement sur des textes nordiques, notamment des sagas islandaises, cet article propose d'identifier les caractères principaux de la chasse dont font l'objet ces deux mammifères amphibies dans les mers du Nord. Alors qu'elle est vitale dans certaines régions, elle est ailleurs sujette à des règles très contraignantes, qui débouchent parfois sur des conflits. En effet, les mers du Nord sont le théâtre d'un commerce de plus en plus dynamique au cours du Moyen Âge, dans lequel le morse et ses précieuses défenses en ivoire ont leur place.