北米北方地域における先住民による諸資源の交易について : 毛皮交易とその諸影響を中心に

• Main Authors: 岸上 伸啓, Nobuhiro Kishigami
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: Japanese
• Published: 国立民族学博物館 2001
• Subjects: 北米先住民｜北方地域｜資源｜毛皮交易｜社会変化; indigenous people of North America｜northern regions｜resources｜fur trade｜social change; Canada; inuit
• Online Access: https://minpaku.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_uri&item_id=4085; http://hdl.handle.net/10502/3214; https://minpaku.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_action_common_download&item_id=4085&item_no=1&attribute_id=18&file_no=1

本論文の目的は,北米北方地域における交易活動について,1500年代から1870年代にかけて行われていた毛皮交易を中心にその全体像を素描することである。北米における毛皮資源の交易は,ヨーロッパと中国における毛皮需要や,イギリス,フランスなど西欧列強の政治的対立関係と連動しながら展開し,北米北方先住民を欧米の資本主義システムに接合させた。この過程で社会の崩壊,再編成を余儀なくさせられた先住民グループが存在した一方で,カナダ・イヌイット人やケベック・クリー人の大半は,毛皮交易に係わりつつもそれのみに経済特化をせず,狩猟・漁労活動を維持してきたため,変化を被りながらも,拡大家族関係などいくつかの社会関係を再生産させることができた。毛皮交易への北米先住民の係わり方は一様ではなく,毛皮交易は先住民社会を破壊するという仮説は北米先住民社会のすべてに妥当するわけではない。 The aim of this paper is to provide a general picture of aboriginaltrading activities, focusing on the fur trade from the 1500s to the 1870s,across the northern regions of North America, with special attention tothe impacts of these activities on native societies. The fur trade in NorthAmerica was historically developed in relation to commercial demandfor furs in Europe and China, as well as to political conflicts among theGreat Powers of Europe, especially between the British and the French.Native Americans were articulated into the European capitalist systemthrough their participation in this commerce in furs. Although amajority of indigenous groups were forced to give up or reorganize theirhistorically distinct ways of life during this fur trade period, many Inuitof Canada, as well as the Cree of Quebec have been able to maintaintheir subsistence activities and some sets of socio-economic relationships.This continuance comes from the fact that Inuit and Cree did notbecome economically dominated by the fur trade, but kept their systemsof subsistence and kinship relations. As the responses to fur tradingactivities by the native peoples of North America were diverse, thegeneral hypothesis that aboriginal involvement in commercial fur activitieswill inevitably result in the destruction of the participating societiesdoes not apply to several cases of northern North America.