| Summary: | The estimation of ship resistance in ice is a fundamental area of research and poses a substantial challenge for the design and safe use of ships in ice-covered waters. In order to estimate the ice resistance with greater reliability, we develop in this paper an improved Lindqvist formulation for the estimation of bending resistance in level ice based on the superposition of double-plates. In the developed method, an approximate model of an ice sheet is firstly presented by idealizing ice sheeta as the combination of a semi-infinite elastic plate and an infinite one resting on an elastic foundation. The Mohr–Coulomb criterion is then introduced to determine the ice sheet’s failure. Finally, an improved Lindqvist formulation for estimation of ice resistance is proposed. The accuracy of the developed formulation is validated using full-scale test data of the ship KV Svalbard in Norway, testing the model as well as the numerical method. The effect of ice thickness, stem angle and breadth of bow on ship resistance is further investigated by means of the developed formulation.
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