Multimessenger observations of a flaring blazar coincident with high-energy neutrino IceCube-170922A

• Published in: Science
• Main Authors: Aartsen, MG, Ackermann, M, Adams, J, Aguilar, JA, Ahlers, M, Ahrens, M, Al Samarai, I, Altmann, D, Andeen, K, Anderson, T, Ansseau, I, Anton, G, Arguelles, C, Auffenberg, J, Axani, S, Bagherpour, H, Bai, X, Barron, JP, Barwick, SW, Baum, V, Bay, R, Beatty, JJ, Tjus, JB, Becker, K-H, BenZvi, S, Berley, D, Bernardini, E, Besson, DZ, Binder, G, Bindig, D, Blaufuss, E, Blot, S, Bohm, C, Borner, M, Bos, F, Boser, S, Botner, O, Bourbeau, E, Bourbeau, J, Bradascio, F, Braun, J, Brenzke, M, Bretz, H-P, Bron, S, Brostean-Kaiser, J, Burgman, A, Busse, RS, Carver, T, Cheung, E, Chirkin, D, Christov, A, Clark, K, Classen, L, Coenders, S, Collin, GH, Conrad, JM, Coppin, P, Correa, P, Cowen, DF, Cross, R, Dave, P, Day, M, de Andre, JPAM, De Clercq, C, DeLaunay, JJ, Dembinski, H, De Ridder, S, Desiati, P, de Vries, KD, de Wasseige, G, de With, M, DeYoung, T, Diaz-Velez, JC, di Lorenzo, V, Dujmovic, H, Dumm, JP, Dunkman, M, Dvorak, E, Eberhardt, B, Ehrhardt, T, Eichmann, B, Eller, P, Evenson, PA, Fahey, S, Fazely, AR, Felde, J, Filimonov, K, Finley, C, Flis, S, Franckowiak, A, Friedman, E, Fritz, A, Gaisser, TK, Gallagher, J, Gerhardt, L, Ghorbani, K, Glauch, T, Glusenkamp, T, Goldschmidt, A, Gonzalez, JG, Grant, D, Griffith, Z, Haack, C, Hallgren, A, Halzen, F, Hanson, K, Hebecker, D, Heereman, D, Helbing, K, Hellauer, R, Hickford, S, Hignight, J, Hill, GC, Hoffman, KD, Hoffmann, R, Hoinka, T, Hokanson-Fasig, B, Hoshina, K, Huang, F, Huber, M, Hultqvist, K, Hunnefeld, M, Hussain, R, In, S, Iovine, N, Ishihara, A, Jacobi, E, Japaridze, GS, Jeong, M, Jero, K, Jones, BJP, Kalaczynski, P, Kang, W, Kappes, A, Kappesser, D, Karg, T, Karle, A, Katz, U, Kauer, M, Keivani, A, Kelley, JL, Kheirandish, A, Kim, J, Kim, M, Kintscher, T, Kiryluk, J, Kittler, T, Klein, SR, Koirala, R, Kolanoski, H, Kopke, L, Kopper, C, Kopper, S, Koschinsky, JP, Koskinen, DJ, Kowalski, M, Krings, K, Kroll, M, Kruckl, G, Kunwar, S, Kurahashi, N, Kuwabara, T, Kyriacou, A, Labare, M, Lanfranchi, JL, Larson, MJ, Lauber, F, Leonard, K, Lesiak-Bzdak, M, Leuermann, M, Liu, QR, Mariscal, CJL, Lu, L, Lunemann, J, Luszczak, W, Madsen, J, Maggi, G, Mahn, KBM, Mancina, S, Maruyama, R, Mase, K, Maunu, R, Meagher, K, Medici, M, Meier, M, Menne, T, Merino, G, Meures, T, Miarecki, S, Micallef, J, Momente, G, Montaruli, T, Moore, RW, Morse, R, Moulai, M, Nahnhauer, R, Nakarmi, P, Naumann, U, Neer, G, Niederhausen, H, Nowicki, SC, Nygren, DR, Pollmann, AO, Olivas, A, O'Murchadha, A, O'Sullivan, E, Palczewski, T, Pandya, H, Pankova, DV, Peiffer, P, Pepper, JA, de los Heros, CP, Pieloth, D, Pinat, E, Plum, M, Price, PB, Przybylski, GT, Raab, C, Radel, L, Rameez, M, Rauch, L, Rawlins, K, Rea, IC, Reimann, R, Relethford, B, Relich, M, Resconi, E, Rhode, W, Richman, M, Robertson, S, Rongen, M, Rott, C, Ruhe, T, Ryckbosch, D, Rysewyk, D, Safa, I, Salzer, T, Herrera, SES, Sandrock, A, Sandroos, J, Santander, M, Sarkar, S, Satalecka, K, Schlunder, P, Schmidt, T, Schneider, A, Schoenen, S, Schoneberg, S, Schumacher, L, Sclafani, S, Seckel, D, Seunarine, S, Soedingrekso, J, Soldin, D, Song, M, Spiczak, GM, Spiering, C, Stachurska, J, Stamatikos, M, Stanev, T, Stasik, A, Stein, R, Stettner, J, Steuer, A, Stezelberger, T, Stokstad, RG, Stossl, A, Strotjohann, NL, Stuttard, T, Sullivan, GW, Sutherland, M, Taboada, I, Tatar, J, Tenholt, F, Ter-Antonyan, S, Terliuk, A, Tilav, S, Toale, PA, Tobin, MN, Toennis, C, Toscano, S, Tosi, D, Tselengidou, M, Tung, CF, Turcati, A, Turley, CF, Ty, B, Unger, E, Usner, M, Vandenbroucke, J, Van Driessche, W, van Eijk, D, van Eijndhoven, N, Vanheule, S, van Santen, J, Vogel, E, Vraeghe, M, Walck, C, Wallace, A, Mallraff, M, Wandler, FD, Wandkowsky, N, Waza, A, Weaver, C, Weiss, MJ, Wendt, C, Werthebach, J, Westerhoff, S, Whelan, BJ, Whitehorn, N, Wiebe, K, Wiebusch, CH, Wille, L, Williams, DR, Wills, L, Wolf, M, Wood, J, Wood, TR, Woschnagg, K, Xu, DL, Xu, XW, Xu, Y, Yanez, JP, Yodh, G, Yoshida, S, Yuan, T, Abdollahi, S, Ajello, M, Angioni, R, Baldini, L, Ballet, J, Barbiellini, G, Bastieri, D, Bechtol, K, Bellazzini, R, Berenji, B, Bissaldi, E, Blandford, RD, Bonino, R, Bottacini, E, Bregeon, J, Bruel, P, Buehler, R, Burnett, TH, Burns, E, Buson, S, Cameron, RA, Caputo, R, Caraveo, PA, Cavazzuti, E, Charles, E, Chen, S, Cheung, CC, Chiang, J, Chiaro, G, Ciprini, S, Cohen-Tanugi, J, Conrad, J, Costantin, D, Cutini, S, D'Ammando, F, de Palma, F, Digel, SW, Di Lalla, N, Di Mauro, M, Di Venere, L, Dominguez, A, Favuzzi, C, Fukazawa, Y, Funk, S, Fusco, P, Gargano, F, Gasparrini, D, Giglietto, N, Giomi, M, Giommi, P, Giordano, F, Giroletti, M, Glanzman, T, Green, D, Grenier, IA, Grondin, M-H, Guiriec, S, Harding, AK, Hayashida, M, Hays, E, Hewitt, JW, Horan, D, Johannesson, G, Kadler, M, Kensei, S, Kocevski, D, Krauss, F, Kreter, M, Kuss, M, La Mura, G, Larsson, S, Latronico, L, Lemoine-Goumard, M, Li, J, Longo, F, Loparco, F, Lovellette, MN, Lubrano, P, Magill, JD, Maldera, S, Malyshev, D, Manfreda, A, Mazziotta, MN, McEnery, JE, Meyer, M, Michelson, PF, Mizuno, T, Monzani, ME, Morselli, A, Moskalenko, IV, Negro, M, Nuss, E, Ojha, R, Omodei, N, Orienti, M, Orlando, E, Palatiello, M, Paliya, VS, Perkins, JS, Persic, M, Pesce-Rollins, M, Piron, F, Porter, TA, Principe, G, Raino, S, Rando, R, Rani, B, Razzano, M, Razzaque, S, Reimer, A, Reimer, O, Renault-Tinacci, N, Ritz, S, Rochester, LS, Parkinson, PMS, Sgro, C, Siskind, EJ, Spandre, G, Spinelli, P, Suson, DJ, Tajima, H, Takahashi, M, Tanaka, Y, Thayer, JB, Thompson, DJ, Tibaldo, L, Torres, DF, Torresi, E, Tosti, G, Troja, E, Valverde, J, Vianello, G, Vogel, M, Wood, K, Wood, M, Zaharijas, G, Ahnen, ML, Ansoldi, S, Antonelli, LA, Arcaro, C, Baack, D, Babic, A, Banerjee, B, Bangale, P, de Almeida, UB, Barrio, JA, Gonzalez, JB, Bednarek, W, Berti, A, Bhattacharyya, W, Biland, A, Blanch, O, Bonnoli, G, Carosi, A, Carosi, R, Ceribella, G, Chatterjee, A, Colak, SM, Colin, P, Colombo, E, Contreras, JL, Cortina, J, Covino, S, Cumani, P, Da Vela, P, Dazzi, F, De 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Leon, SC, De Leon, C, De la Fuente, E, Hernandez, RD, Dichiara, S, Dingus, BL, DuVernois, MA, Ellsworth, RW, Engel, K, Fiorino, DW, Fleischhack, H, Fraija, N, Garcia-Gonzalez, JA, Garfias, F, Munoz, AG, Gonzalez, MM, Goodman, JA, Hampel-Arias, Z, Harding, JP, Hernandez, S, Hona, B, Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, F, Hui, CM, Huntemeyer, P, Iriarte, A, Jardin-Blicq, A, Joshi, V, Kaufmann, S, Kunde, GJ, Lara, A, Lauer, RJ, Lee, WH, Lennarz, D, Vargas, HL, Linnemann, JT, Longinotti, AL, Luis-Raya, G, Luna-Garcia, R, Malone, K, Marinelli, SS, Martinez, O, Martinez-Castellanos, I, Martinez-Castro, J, Martinez-Huerta, H, Matthews, JA, Miranda-Romagnoli, P, Moreno, E, Mostafa, M, Nayerhoda, A, Nellen, L, Newbold, M, Nisa, MU, Noriega-Papaqui, R, Pelayo, R, Pretz, J, Perez-Perez, EG, Ren, Z, Rho, CD, Riviere, C, Rosa-Gonzalez, D, Rosenberg, M, Ruiz-Velasco, E, Greus, FS, Sandoval, A, Schneider, M, Schoorlemmer, H, Sinnis, G, Smith, AJ, Springer, RW, Surajbali, P, Tibolla, O, Tollefson, K, Torres, I, 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• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: American Association for the Advancement of Science 2019
• Subjects: Science & Technology; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Science & Technology - Other Topics; ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI; CRAB-NEBULA; TELESCOPE; MISSION; PERFORMANCE; SPECTROGRAPH; ORIGIN; Canada; New Zealand; Marsden; Observatorio; Leicester; Tera; National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs; Swedish Polar Research Secretariat
• Online Access: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6398/eaat1378; http://hdl.handle.net/2381/44169; https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat1378

Supplementary Materials www.sciencemag.org/content/361/6398/eaat1378/suppl/DC1 Previous detections of individual astrophysical sources of neutrinos are limited to the Sun and the supernova 1987A, whereas the origins of the diffuse flux of high-energy cosmic neutrinos remain unidentified. On 22 September 2017, we detected a high-energy neutrino, IceCube-170922A, with an energy of ~290 tera–electron volts. Its arrival direction was consistent with the location of a known γ-ray blazar, TXS 0506+056, observed to be in a flaring state. An extensive multiwavelength campaign followed, ranging from radio frequencies to γ-rays. These observations characterize the variability and energetics of the blazar and include the detection of TXS 0506+056 in very-high-energy γ-rays. This observation of a neutrino in spatial coincidence with a γ-ray–emitting blazar during an active phase suggests that blazars may be a source of high-energy neutrinos. IceCube Collaboration: The IceCube collaboration gratefully acknowledge the support from the following agencies and institutions: USA – U.S. National Science Foundation-Office of Polar Programs, U.S. National Science Foundation-Physics Division, Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, Center for High Throughput Computing (CHTC) at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, Open Science Grid (OSG), Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE), U.S. Department of Energy–National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, Particle astrophysics research computing center at the University of Maryland, Institute for Cyber-Enabled Research at Michigan State University, and Astroparticle physics computational facility at Marquette University; Belgium – Funds for Scientific Research (FRS-FNRS and FWO), FWO Odysseus and Big Science programmes, and Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (Belspo); Germany – Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP), Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), and High Performance Computing cluster of the RWTH Aachen; Sweden – Swedish Research Council, Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC), and Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; Australia – Australian Research Council; Canada – Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Calcul Québec, Compute Ontario, Canada Foundation for Innovation, WestGrid, and Compute Canada; Denmark – Villum Fonden, Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF); New Zealand – Marsden Fund; Japan - Japan Society for Promotion of Science (JSPS) and Institute for Global Prominent Research (IGPR) of Chiba University; Korea – National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF); Switzerland – Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). Fermi-LAT collaboration: The Fermi-LAT Collaboration acknowledges generous ongoing support from a number of agencies and institutes that have supported both the development and the operation of the LAT as well as scientific data analysis. These include the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Department of Energy in the United States,the Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique / Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules in France, the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana and the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare in Italy, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) in Japan, and the K. A. Wallenberg Foundation, the Swedish Research Council and the Swedish National Space Board in Sweden. Additional support for science analysis during the operations phase is gratefully acknowledged from the Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica in Italy and the Centre National d’Études Spatiales in France. This work performed in part under DOE Contract DE-AC02-76SF00515. MAGIC collaboration: The financial support of the German BMBF and MPG, the Italian INFN and INAF, the Swiss National Fund SNF, the ERDF under the Spanish MINECO (FPA2015- 69818-P, FPA2012-36668, FPA2015-68378-P, FPA2015-69210-C6-2-R, FPA2015-69210-C6- 4-R, FPA2015-69210-C6-6-R, AYA2015-71042-P, AYA2016-76012-C3-1-P, ESP2015-71662- C2-2-P, CSD2009-00064), and the Japanese JSPS and MEXT is gratefully acknowledged. This work was also supported by the Spanish Centro de Excelencia “Severo Ochoa” SEV-2012-0234 and SEV-2015-0548, and Unidad de Excelencia “María de Maeztu” MDM-2014-0369, by the Croatian Science Foundation (HrZZ) Project IP-2016-06-9782 and the University of Rijeka Project 13.12.1.3.02, by the DFG Collaborative Research Centers SFB823/C4 and SFB876/C3, the Polish National Research Centre grant UMO-2016/22/M/ST9/00382 and by the Brazilian MCTIC, CNPq and FAPERJ. AGILE: AGILE is an ASI space mission developed with scientific and programmatic support from INAF and INFN. Research partially supported through the ASI grant no. I/028/12/2. Part of this work is based on archival data, software or online services provided by the ASI Space Science Data Center (SSDC, previously known as ASDC). ASAS-SN: ASAS-SN is funded in part by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation through grant GBMF5490 to the Ohio State University, NSF grant AST-1515927, the Mt. Cuba Astronomical Foundation, the Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics (CCAPP) at OSU, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences South America Center for Astronomy (CASSACA). A. F. was supported by the Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association. J. F. B is supported by NSF Grant PHY-1714479. S.D. acknowledges Project 11573003 supported by NSFC. J. L. P. is supported by FONDECYT grant 1151445 and by the Ministry of Economy, Development, and Tourism’s Millennium Science Initiative through grant IC120009, awarded to The Millennium Institute of Astrophysics, MAS. This research was made possible through the use of the AAVSO Photometric All-Sky Survey (APASS), funded by the Robert Martin Ayers Sciences Fund. HAWC: HAWC acknowledges the support from: the US National Science Foundation (NSF) the US Department of Energy Office of High-Energy Physics; the Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) program of Los Alamos National Laboratory; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT), México (grants 271051, 232656, 260378, 179588, 239762, 254964, 271737, 258865, 243290, 132197, 281653)(Cátedras 873, 1563), Laboratorio Nacional HAWC de rayos gamma; L’OREAL Fellowship for Women in Science 2014; Red HAWC, México; DGAPA-UNAM (grants IG100317, IN111315, IN111716-3, IA102715, 109916, IA102917, IN112218); VIEP-BUAP; PIFI 2012, 2013, PROFOCIE 2014, 2015; the University of Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation; the Institute of Geophysics, Planetary Physics, and Signatures at Los Alamos National Laboratory; Polish Science Centre grant DEC2014/13/B/ST9/945; Coordinación de la Investigación Científica de la Universidad Michoacana. Thanks to Scott Delay, Luciano Díaz and Eduardo Murrieta for technical support. H.E.S.S.: The support of the Namibian authorities and of the University of Namibia in facilitating the construction and operation of H.E.S.S. is gratefully acknowledged, as is the support by the German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF), the Max Planck Society, the German Research Foundation (DFG), the Helmholtz Association, the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, the French Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation, the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS/IN2P3 and CNRS/INSU), the Commissariat à l’énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), the U.K. Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, the National Science Centre, Poland grant no. 2016/22/M/ST9/00382, the South African Department of Science and Technology and National Research Foundation, the University of Namibia, the National Commission on Research, Science & Technology of Namibia (NCRST), the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Research and the Austrian Science Fund (FWF), the Australian Research Council (ARC), the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and by the University of Amsterdam. We appreciate the excellent work of the technical support staff in Berlin, Zeuthen, Heidelberg, Palaiseau, Paris, Saclay, Tübingen and in Namibia in the construction and operation of the equipment. This work benefited from services provided by the H.E.S.S. Virtual Organisation, supported by the national resource providers of the EGI Federation. INTEGRAL: INTEGRAL is an ESA space mission, with its instruments and science data center funded by the ESA member states (specifically the PI countries: Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Spain), and with additional participation of Russia and the USA. The INTEGRAL SPI instrument was provided through Co-PI institutes IRAP (Toulouse/France) and MPE (Garching/Germany), the SPI project was coordinated and managed by CNES (Toulouse/France). The INTEGRAL IBIS instrument was provided through Co-PI institutes IAPS (Rome/Italy) and CEA (Saclay/France). The SPI-ACS detector system has been provided by MPE Garching/Germany. The SPI team is grateful to ASI, CEA, CNES, DLR, ESA, INTA, NASA and OSTC for their support. The Italian INTEGRAL team acknowledges the support of ASI/INAF agreement n. 2013-025-R.1. JR acknowledges support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Programme under the AHEAD project (grant n. 654215). RD acknowledges the German INTEGRAL support through DLR grants 50 OG 1101 and 1601. Kanata, Kiso and Subaru observing teams: Observations with the Kanata and Kiso Schmidt telescopes were supported by the Optical and Near-infrared Astronomy Inter-University Cooperation Program and the Grants-in-Aid of the Ministry of Education, Science, Culture, and Sport JP23740143, JP25800103, JP16H02158, JP17K14253, JP17H04830, JP26800103, JP24103003. This work was also based in part on data collected at Subaru Telescope, which is operated by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. Kapteyn: The Jacobus Kapteyn telescope is operated at the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos on the Spanish island of La Palma by the SARA consortium, whose member institutions (listed at http://saraobservatory.org) fund its operation. Refitting for remote operations and instrumentation were funded by the National Science Foundation under grant 1337566 to Texas A&M University—Commerce. Liverpool telescope: The Liverpool Telescope is operated on the island of La Palma by Liverpool John Moores University in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias with financial support from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council. Swift/NuSTAR: A.K. and and D.F.C. acknowledge support from the National Aeronatics and Space Administration Swift Guest Investigator Program under grant NNX17AI95G. The Swift team at the Mission Operations Center (MOC) at Penn State acknowledges support from NASA contract NAS5-00136. Swift is supported at the University of Leicester by the UK Space Agency. VERITAS: This research is supported by grants from the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, the U.S. National Science Foundation and the Smithsonian Institution, and by NSERC in Canada. VLA/17B-403 The National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) is a facility of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. AJT is supported by a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Post-Graduate Doctoral Scholarship (PGSD2-490318-2016). AJT and GRS are supported by NSERC Discovery Grants (RGPIN-402752-2011 and RGPIN-06569-2016). JCAMJ is the recipient of an Australian Research Council Future Fellowship (FT140101082). Peer-reviewed Post-print