"With the rule" astigmatism is not the rule in the elderly. Reykjavik Eye Study: a population based study of refraction and visual acuity in citizens of Reykjavik 50 years and older. Iceland-Japan Co-Working Study Groups.

• Published in: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica
• Main Authors: Gudmundsdottir, E, Jonasson, F, Jonsson, V, Stefansson, E, Sasaki, H, Sasaki, K
• Other Authors: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iceland.
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: Blackwell 2009
• Subjects: Aged; 80 and over; Aging; Astigmatism; Female; Humans; Hyperopia; Iceland; Male; Middle Aged; Myopia; Prevalence; Refraction; Ocular; Visual Acuity
• Online Access: http://hdl.handle.net/2336/82973; https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0420.2000.078006642.x

To access publisher full text version of this article. Please click on the hyperlink in Additional Links field PURPOSE: To study refractive state and visual acuity in citizens of Reykjavik 50 years and older. METHODS: 1700 persons were randomly selected from the national population census. 1379 could be located and qualified whereof 1045 participated. Evaluation of refraction was performed using Nidek ARK 900 autorefracto-keratometer. Visual acuity was tested on a Snellen chart. RESULTS: The prevalence of hypermetropia increases with age by 0.3 D in five years. The prevalence of "against the rule" astigmatism increased on average 5.3% and oblique 3.9% in five years. Analysis of corneal astigmatism measured by keratometer shows an "against the rule" change with age. CONCLUSIONS: Hypermetropia increases by age. The prevalence of astigmatism increases and the axis turns to "against the rule". The changes in total astigmatism and corneal astigmatism is almost parallel which might indicate that the "against the rule" change is related to changes in the cornea.