<論説>戦間期のソ連西北部国境における民族問題とスターリンの政策 : フィンランドとレニングラード、カレリア (特集 : 国境)

• Main Author: 寺山, 恭輔
• Other Authors: TERAYAMA, Kyosuke, テラヤマ, キョウスケ
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: Japanese
• Published: 史学研究会 (京都大学文学部内) 2007
• Subjects: 200; Finn; Neva; karelia*; karelian; karelians
• Online Access: http://hdl.handle.net/2433/239939; https://doi.org/10.14989/shirin_90_147

フィンランドと国境を接するソ連西北部(カレリア、レニングラード) は、歴史的にフィン系民族が居住する地域であった。ロシア革命後、一〇〇年以上ロシアの統治下にあったフィンランド大公国は独立を果たすが、一九世紀後半以来広まっていたフィン系住民統合を主張する民族主義を背景に、ロシアの混乱に乗じた民族統一、領土拡張の動きが独立直後のフィンランドから生じた。一九二〇年代に推進された非ロシア人居住地域におけるコレニザーツィア(現地化) 政策によリカレリア、レニングラードのフィン系住民は言語教育等、文化的な自由をある程度享受したが、ソ連に対する軍事的脅威が強まる一九三〇年代には次第にコレニザーツィア政策は廃止され、フィン系住民に対しては民族主義的偏向を理由とした弾圧が強化されるようになる。特に国境を跨いだフィン系住民同士の接触を阻止すべく、国境周辺の住民は強制移住等、苛酷な弾圧を被ることになった。 The Soviet leadership of the interwar period was tied to the conception that the Soviet Union was surrounded by anti-Soviet capitalist countries, with the exception of a few satellite regions such as Mongolia, Chinese Sinkiang, etc. By focusing on the northwestern region of the Soviet Union, which was historically inhabited by Finnish people (Finn, Karelian etc.), and bordered Finland, which is one of these "surrounding" countries, this thesis clarifies Stalinist ethnic policies toward these minority peoples. Given the "surrounded" situation during the interwar period, Stalin was extremely cautious about the borderland regions on the grounds that it was very easy for all sorts of negative ideological, material and human elements to intrude into the Soviet Union with the help of the ethnic groups that resided on both sides of these borders. Therefore, to guard against the invasion of these negative factors, the Stalinist leadership instituted very severe policies, including forced resettlement in distant places, toward the borderland minorities; measures that were much harsher than those imposed on the residents of the interior. The ethnic minorities on the borderland region with Finland were not an exception. Historically Finland and Karelia were places where Russia and Sweden had long struggled over their spheres of influence. In the 13th century, the borders between Sweden, Finland and Russia were settled for the first time, and the Karelian people east of the Finnish-Russian border became Orthodox believers. At the beginning of the 17th century Sweden succeeded in gaining possession of the Karelian Isthmus, the south coast of the Gulf of Finland, and the mouth of Neva River. It named this region Ingria (Ingermanland) and started to settle the area with Lutheran Finns from Finland. Recognizing the strategic importance of this region, Peter the Great triumphed over Sweden at the beginning of the 18th century and started construction of St. Petersburg. This city became not only the center of Ingermanland prefecture (which existed for only two years, and later became St. Petersburg prefecture), but also the new capital of the Russian Empire. The Russification of this region went on and in the second half of the 18th century the number of Russians surpassed the number of Finnish people. At the end of 19th century the Finnish people, together with the Estonians, occupied only 10% of the prefecture's residents. But in Karelia, native Karelians continued to be the majority. Due to the publishing of the old Kalerian national epic, the Kalevala, collected in Russian Karelia by Finnish folklorists, the Finnish nationalist dream of integrating al Finnish people under Finnish rule spread widely during the 19th century. After the Russian Revolution, the Grand Duchy of Finland, which had been under the control of the Russian empire since the beginning of 19th century, gained its independence. The Finnish government, spurred on by this Finnish nationalism, tried to enlarge its territory at the expense of Russian Karelia and 'the Karelian Isthmus, which had fallen into confusion after the collapse of Russian Empire. But the Finnish army, dispatched to Karelia, was beaten by the Red Army and could not win the sympathy of the local residents. In consequence, the Tartu treaty of 1920 was concluded between the Soviet Russia and Finland, and the latter acquired only the Petsamo region -- an exit to the North Sea. This was the first time in Finish history that Finnish sovereignty was extended to the area and it lasted for only about 20 years. In the era of the NEP in the 1920s, the Soviet government promoted the korenizatsia policy (respect for local national cultures and national languages) in the regions of non-Russian nationalities, and for the Finnish peoples in Karelia and the Leningrad oblast' localization of linguistic policy was introduced to some extent. But the memory of attack and invasion into Karelia by Finnish nationalists had not vanished from Stalin's memory. In the 1930s, as the military menace grew, especially after the emergence of Nazi Germany, the korenizatsia policy was abolished and Russification was enforced widely in the Soviet Union. In Karelia and the Leningrad oblast' the Finnish peoples were harshly suppressed solely on the basis of their ethnic background during the period of the approach of the war, because they were considered to be potential collaborators with an enemy of the Soviet Union, Finland, where their ethnic relatives, the Finns, lived.