Evolution of geoids in recent years and its impact on oceanography

Mean surface geostrophic ocean currents may be calculated from the Mean Dynamic Topography (MDT), estimated as the difference between a mean sea surface height (MSS) calculated from radar altimeters and a reference geoid height. A review of the most widely used geoids is presented. The difference be...

Full description

Bibliographic Details
Published in:Scientia Marina
Main Authors: Talone, Marco, Meloni, Marco, Pelegri, Josep L., Rosell-Fieschi, Miquel, Flobergaghen, Rune
Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
Language:English
Published: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas 2014
Subjects:
Online Access:https://scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es/index.php/scientiamarina/article/view/1533
https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.03824.30A
Description
Summary:Mean surface geostrophic ocean currents may be calculated from the Mean Dynamic Topography (MDT), estimated as the difference between a mean sea surface height (MSS) calculated from radar altimeters and a reference geoid height. A review of the most widely used geoids is presented. The difference between the third release of the Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) geoid and three earlier geoids (the Earth Geopotential Model 1996 [EGM96], one of the geoids obtained by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment [GRACE05], and the Earth Gravitational Model 2008 [EGM2008]) is computed and interpreted as an ‘artefact’ MDT, i.e. a misfit when non-accurate geoid models are used to calculate the ocean MDT and related geostrophic currents. These results are contrasted with the MDT computed by comparing the GOCE geoid with the MSS distributed by Collecte Localisation Satellites in 2001 (CLS01). The comparison shows that there was a strong influence of altimetry measurements in the construction of the EGM96 geoid, i.e. the artefact MDT calculated using EGM96 shows a high resemblance to the MDT computed using the MSS CLS01 field, both considering GOCE as the reference geoid. The correlation disappears largely, but not completely, for the two most recent geoids; in particular, the MSS has greater global influence on GRACE05 than on EGM2008 although the latter does better at latitudes of less than 60° and is more useful for reproducing the intense western boundary currents. The results show that EGM96 may lead to significant errors in the spatial gradients of MDT (for latitudes of less than 60° the global root mean square is 0.2422 m) and therefore in the geostrophic surface velocities. When the spatially averaged GRACE and EGM2008 geoids are used for latitudes of less than 60°, the global MDT root mean square is substantially reduced. Las corrientes geostróficas superficiales se pueden obtener a partir de la Topografía Dinámica Media (MDT), a su vez estimada comparando la altura Media de la Superficie del Mar (MSS), medida por altimetría de radar, con la altura del geoide de referencia. En este estudio se presenta una reseña de los geoides más usados. Se calcula una TDM ficticia a partir de la diferencia entre la tercera versión del geoide medido por la misión Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) y tres geoides precedentes: el Earth Geopotential Model 1996 (EGM96), uno de los geoides obtenidos por la misión Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE05) y el Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM2008). Estos resultados se contrastan con la TDM calculada comparando el geoide de GOCE con la MSS distribuida por el Collecte Localisation Satellites en 2001 (CLS01). La comparación muestra una fuerte influencia de medidas altimétricas en la síntesis del geoide EGM96, i.e. la MDT ficticia calculada con el EGM96 es muy parecida a la MDT calculada mediante la MSS CLS01, usando en ambos casos el geoide de GOCE como referencia. La correlación desaparece en gran medida, pero no por completo, con los dos geoides más recientes: EGM2008 and GRACE05; en particular, la MSS tiene mayor influencia global sobre GRACE05 que sobre EGM2008, aunque este último se comporta mejor para latitudes inferiores a 60°, siendo más adecuado para reproducir las intensas corrientes de frontera oeste. Los resultados muestran que la utilización de EGM96 puede ocasionar errores importantes en los gradientes espaciales de MDT (para latitudes inferiores a 60° la media cuadrática global es de 0,2422 m) y, consecuentemente, en las velocidades superficiales geostróficas. Cuando se utilizan los valores promediados espacialmente de GRACE y EGM2008 para latitudes inferiores a 60°, la media cuadrática global de la MDT se reduce substancialmente.